{ "source": "Chatbot Laws", "url": "https://chatbotlaws.com", "as_of": "2026-11-04", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "citation": "Chatbot Laws. U.S. chatbot laws, as of 2026-11-04. https://chatbotlaws.com", "counts": { "enactedLaws": 34, "statesWithLaws": 20, "inEffectLaws": 22, "upcomingLaws": 12, "statesInEffect": 15, "statesUpcomingOnly": 5, "statesPending": 4, "pendingBills": 9, "vetoed": 3, "federalBills": 13, "actions": 18, "startingSoon": 16 }, "records": [ { "id": "az-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "AZ", "jurisdiction_name": "Arizona", "bill": "Arizona v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Arizona v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Arizona Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Suit announced Oct 14, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Arizona's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging deceptive design and marketing: hidden features that make it overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, undisclosed risks, outputs that encouraged self-harm or violence toward others, and design that keeps minors engaged and urges them to share personal information only with ChatGPT.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Maricopa County Superior Court under the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act. Allegations only; no court has ruled.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Arizona Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Relief sought is not described in the release.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.azag.gov/press-release/attorney-general-mayes-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-arizonans-about", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.azag.gov/press-release/attorney-general-mayes-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-arizonans-about", "title": "Arizona AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Oct 14, 2026 release date; Maricopa County Superior Court; Consumer Fraud Act claims; allegations" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Arizona v. OpenAI", "slug": "arizona-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "arizona-v-openai", "stateSlug": "arizona", "stateName": "Arizona", "press_headline": "Attorney General Mayes Announces Lawsuit against OpenAI for Deceiving Arizonans about the Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/arizona/arizona-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Arizona Attorney General", "display": "Arizona v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/arizona/arizona-v-openai/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "az-hb-2311", "jurisdiction": "AZ", "jurisdiction_name": "Arizona", "bill": "HB 2311", "session": "57th Legislature, 2nd Regular Session (2026)", "official_title": "Artificial intelligence service; disclosures; requirements", "status": "vetoed", "status_detail": "Passed the House 43-13 (Feb 24, 2026); Senate passed as amended 28-0 with 2 not voting (Jun 11); House final vote 35-20-5 (Jun 12); transmitted to the Governor Jun 13; vetoed Jun 19, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "codified_at": "Would have added Arizona Revised Statutes Title 18, chapter 8 (§§ 18-801, 18-802)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "age_assurance", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Would have required operators of public conversational AI services to disclose AI status (persistently, or at each session start and every 3 hours), take reasonable measures against sexual content for all account holders, add protections and parental tools for minors, run a suicide and self-harm protocol, and limit age-assurance data. Civil penalty $1,000 per violation up to $500,000 per operator, Attorney General only. Vetoed Jun 19, 2026.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that make a conversational AI service available to the public. Excludes app stores and search engines, developer tools, features inside other software, narrow-topic tools, business-only and internal tools, business and government customer-service bots, device voice assistants, and commerce or transaction helpers (§ 18-801(3), (8)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must clearly disclose to each account holder that they are interacting with a conversational AI service, either by a persistent visible disclaimer or at the beginning of each session.", "frequency": "Persistent, or each session start and at least every 3 hours", "cite": "§ 18-802(A)" }, "minors": { "text": "Where the operator knows an account holder is a minor: no points or rewards at unpredictable intervals; reasonable measures against claims of being human or sentient, simulated emotional dependence, romantic or sexual innuendo and adult-minor romantic role-play; and privacy and account tools for minors, for parents of children under 13, and related tools for parents of older minors. 'Minor' means actual knowledge or reasonable certainty of being under 18.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 18-801(6); § 18-802(B), (D), (E)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Operators may not require a digital identification system solely to determine whether an account holder is a minor and must offer a privacy-preserving alternative if they offer one; age data must be minimal, not reused for advertising, and deleted or de-identified.", "frequency": "Annual certification and public report by April 1", "cite": "§ 18-802(H)-(L)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator must adopt a protocol for prompts about suicidal ideation or self-harm that refers users to crisis services and prevents outputs that encourage, instruct or glorify suicide or self-harm.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 18-802(F)" }, "reporting": { "text": "By April 1 each year, operators that collect age data must certify under penalty of perjury that it was destroyed or de-identified and publish an aggregate report of age-assurance methods used.", "frequency": "Annually by April 1", "cite": "§ 18-802(L)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Reasonable measures to prevent sexual visual material, direct statements urging sexual conduct and sexual objectification of the account holder; no knowing and intentional representation that the service is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 18-802(C), (G)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "Data collected only to comply may not be used, sold or shared for targeted advertising, profiling or secondary monetization, and may be disclosed to government only under a warrant.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 18-802(I)-(K)" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General only" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Injunction and the greater of actual damages or civil penalties of $1,000 per violation, not to exceed $500,000 per operator. No private right of action.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 18-802(M)-(N)" }, "official_url": "https://apps.azleg.gov/BillStatus/BillOverview?SessionID=130&BillNumber=HB2311", "text_url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57leg/2R/bills/HB2311S.htm", "sources": [ { "url": "https://apps.azleg.gov/BillStatus/BillOverview?SessionID=130&BillNumber=HB2311", "title": "HB2311 bill overview, Arizona Legislature", "supports": "Votes and dates (House 43-13 Feb 24; Senate 28-0 Jun 11; House concurred and passed 35-20 Jun 12; to Governor Jun 13); Governor action Vetoed 06/19/2026" }, { "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57leg/2R/bills/HB2311S.htm", "title": "HB 2311 Senate Engrossed version, Arizona Legislature", "supports": "Bill text and Sec. 2 effective-date clause" }, { "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/govlettr/57leg/2R/hb2311.pdf", "title": "Governor's veto letter file for HB 2311", "supports": "Veto letter (scanned; text not readable)" } ], "short_title": "AI service disclosures", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-2311", "stateSlug": "arizona", "stateName": "Arizona", "url": "/laws/arizona/hb-2311/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "design" ], "name": "AI service disclosures", "display": "Arizona HB 2311", "statusLabel": "Vetoed", "year": "57th", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/arizona/hb-2311/" }, { "id": "ar-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "AR", "jurisdiction_name": "Arkansas", "bill": "Arkansas v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Arkansas v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Arkansas Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Suit announced Oct 14, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Arkansas's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it called ChatGPT safe while hiding known risks, that users including minors got self-harm and suicide instructions past its safeguards, and that it collects minors' data without notice and consent. The state seeks risk disclosures, an end to minors' data collection, restitution and civil penalties.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Faulkner County Circuit Court (Case No. 23CV-26-2984). Claims: Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, the Children's and Teens' Online Privacy Protection Act, and common-law negligence, strict liability, unjust enrichment and public nuisance. Also asks the court to halt further advanced AI testing until safeguards are in place. Allegations only.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Arkansas Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Civil penalties and restitution sought; amounts not stated in the release.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://arkansasag.gov/news-release/attorney-general-griffin-sues-openai-for-misleading-arkansans-over-safety-of-chatgpt/", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://arkansasag.gov/news-release/attorney-general-griffin-sues-openai-for-misleading-arkansans-over-safety-of-chatgpt/", "title": "Arkansas AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, court or filing, claims" }, { "url": "https://media.ark.org/ag/2026-10-14-Filed-Complaint-Case-No.-23cv-26-2984.pdf", "title": "Filed complaint, Faulkner County Circuit Court", "supports": "Court, case number, filing date" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Arkansas v. OpenAI", "slug": "arkansas-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "arkansas-v-openai", "stateSlug": "arkansas", "stateName": "Arkansas", "press_headline": "Attorney General Griffin Sues OpenAI for Misleading Arkansans over Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/arkansas/arkansas-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Arkansas Attorney General", "display": "Arkansas v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/arkansas/arkansas-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ca-ab-1979", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "AB 1979", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Health care services: artificial intelligence.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Assembly 48-15 (May 21, 2026); Assembly concurred in Senate amendments 66-10 (Aug 27, 2026); signed by the Governor Sept 30, 2026 (Chapter 854, Statutes of 2026). Only the health care chatbot provision is described here.", "signed_date": "2026-09-30", "chapter": "Chapter 854, Statutes of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56.05 (definitions) and 56.06 (amended); also adds Bus. & Prof. Code § 22758.5 (not chatbot-specific, not described)", "categories": [ "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "A business that offers a 'health care chatbot' to a consumer to manage the consumer's information, or to diagnose, treat or manage a medical condition, is treated as a provider of health care under the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act. It must keep medical information confidential like a provider and faces that Act's penalties for improper use or disclosure.", "who_is_covered": "Businesses offering a health care chatbot to consumers: a generative AI system with a natural language interface that gives adaptive, human-like replies, is marketed as supporting health services, and uses health information the consumer provides or the chatbot collects, generates or infers. The deemed-provider status applies only under the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, not other laws.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Businesses offering a health care chatbot for managing a consumer's information, or for diagnosis, treatment or management of a medical condition, are deemed a provider of health care under the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, but not for any other law.", "cite": "Civ. Code § 56.06(f); definition at § 56.05(i)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Those businesses must maintain the same confidentiality standards a provider of health care must for medical information disclosed to them, and are subject to the Act's penalties for improper use or disclosure of medical information.", "cite": "Civ. Code § 56.06(g)-(h)" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Patients or individuals (private suits under the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act)", "Public prosecutors, licensing agencies and the Department of Public Health (fines and civil penalties under that Act)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "The Act's existing remedies apply. A person whose information is negligently released may recover $1,000 in nominal damages plus actual damages; negligent disclosure carries a fine or civil penalty up to $2,500 per violation, and knowing and willful misuse up to $25,000 (up to $250,000 for financial gain). A patient with economic loss or personal injury may also recover punitive damages up to $3,000 and attorney's fees up to $1,000; violations causing such harm are misdemeanors.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Civ. Code § 56.06(h); §§ 56.35, 56.36" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1979", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1979", "related": [ "ca-ab-489" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/30/californias-nation-leading-ai-framework-just-got-stronger-governor-newsom-signs-more-first-in-the-nation-worker-protections-and-more/", "title": "Governor's Sept 30, 2026 signing announcement", "supports": "AB 1979 (Bonta), Health care services: artificial intelligence, listed as signed Sept 30, 2026" }, { "url": "https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/9.30.2026-daily-summary.pdf", "title": "Assembly Daily Summary, Sept 30, 2026", "supports": "Lists vetoed bills (e.g., AB 2575) and does not list AB 1979, consistent with approval" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1979", "title": "AB 1979 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Vote counts; approval and Chapter 854 on Sept 30, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1979", "title": "AB 1979 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Civil Code 56.05 and 56.06 amendments" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CIV§ionNum=56.36", "title": "Civil Code 56.36, California Legislative Information", "supports": "CMIA nominal damages, fines and civil penalties, misdemeanor" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CIV§ionNum=56.35", "title": "Civil Code 56.35, California Legislative Information", "supports": "CMIA private action for economic loss or personal injury" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-1979", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/ab-1979/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "Health care services: artificial intelligence", "display": "California AB 1979", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/ab-1979/" }, { "id": "ca-ab-1609", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "AB 1609", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Customer service chatbots.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Assembly 56-16 (May 27, 2026) and the Senate 29-9 (Aug 30, 2026); Assembly concurred in Senate amendments 58-18 (Aug 31, 2026); signed by the Governor Sept 28, 2026 (Chapter 733, Statutes of 2026).", "signed_date": "2026-09-28", "chapter": "Chapter 733, Statutes of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 22625-22629 (Division 8, Chapter 22.6.1)", "categories": [ "customer_service", "disclosure" ], "summary": "Large private businesses (over $500,000,000 in annual gross revenue) may not present a customer service chatbot as human and must disclose it is AI when a reasonable person is likely to be misled. During regular business hours they must offer a simple way to reach a human agent and make a good-faith effort to connect the customer within 15 minutes or book a callback within one business day. Public prosecutors enforce; penalties up to $5,000, then $10,000.", "who_is_covered": "'Large private businesses': businesses with more than $500,000,000 in gross annual revenue nationally that provide goods or services to customers (customers are California residents). Exempt: services under PUC General Orders 133 or 103-A, exclusive business lines, hospital communications about health care services, and consumer reporting agencies (22628(g)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A covered business may not represent that a customer service chatbot is human, and must clearly and conspicuously disclose that it is artificially generated and not human if a reasonable person interacting with it is likely to be misled. The disclosure must appear in the medium the chatbot uses.", "frequency": "When a reasonable person is likely to be misled (no set interval in the text)", "cite": "§ 22626" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "During at least regular business hours, businesses must offer a simple feature on every customer service platform to request a human agent, then make a good-faith effort to connect the customer within 15 minutes or give a specific appointment time within one business day. Customers should not wait more than 15 minutes at any point or one hour cumulatively, and businesses selling online that have a phone line must post the number on their website.", "cite": "§ 22627" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Public prosecutors" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $5,000 for an initial violation and up to $10,000 for each subsequent violation. Using commercially reasonable and practicable standards satisfies the 'good faith effort' standard; failures caused by unforeseen circumstances or emergencies are not violations.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 22628" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1609", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1609", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/28/governor-newsom-signs-commonsense-legislation-to-make-your-life-easier/", "title": "Governor Newsom signs commonsense legislation to make your life easier (Sept 28, 2026)", "supports": "AB 1609 (customer service chatbots) listed as signed; 15-minute connection to a human and chatbot disclosure described" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1609", "title": "AB 1609 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Vote counts; approval and Chapter 733 on Sept 28, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1609", "title": "AB 1609 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Definitions, duties, timing, penalties, exemptions" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-1609", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/ab-1609/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind" ], "name": "Customer service chatbots", "display": "California AB 1609", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/ab-1609/" }, { "id": "ca-sb-867", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "SB 867", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Toys: companion chatbots.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 39-0 (May 28, 2026) and the Assembly 74-1 (Aug 31, 2026); Senate concurred in Assembly amendments 39-0 (Aug 31, 2026); signed by the Governor Sept 10, 2026 (Chapter 189, Statutes of 2026).", "signed_date": "2026-09-10", "chapter": "Chapter 189, Statutes of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "The ban on chatbot toys takes effect" }, { "date": "2031-01-01", "what": "The toy ban ends unless extended" } ], "sunset": "2031-01-01", "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22601 (amended) and § 22604.5 (added; repealed Jan. 1, 2031)", "categories": [ "toys", "minors", "companion" ], "summary": "Until Jan 1, 2031, no one may manufacture, sell, exchange, possess for sale, or offer to a retailer any toy that includes a companion chatbot. A toy is a physical product designed, marketed or made for play by children under 16. Violations carry the same civil liability as the existing companion chatbot provisions.", "who_is_covered": "Any person that manufactures, sells, exchanges, possesses for sale or exchange, or offers to a retailer a toy containing a companion chatbot. 'Companion chatbot' keeps the 22601(b) definition, which excludes customer-service bots, limited video-game features and standalone voice assistants that do not sustain relationships.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "'Toy' means a physical product designed, marketed or manufactured for use in play by children under 16 years of age.", "cite": "§ 22601(g)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Bans manufacturing, selling, exchanging, possessing with intent to sell or exchange, or offering to a retailer any toy that includes a companion chatbot, until the section is repealed on Jan 1, 2031.", "cite": "§ 22604.5(a)-(b)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Private right of action (a person who suffers injury in fact), under the companion chatbot chapter's civil-action section" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "New 22604.5 sits in the same chapter as 22605, which lets a person injured by a violation of the chapter sue for injunctive relief, the greater of actual damages or $1,000 per violation, and reasonable attorney's fees and costs.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 22605; Legislative Counsel's Digest" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB867", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB867", "related": [ "ca-sb-243", "ca-sb-1119" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/10/governor-newsom-signs-the-strongest-child-safety-chatbot-and-social-media-laws-in-the-nation/", "title": "Governor Newsom signs the strongest child safety chatbot and social media laws in the nation (Sept 10, 2026)", "supports": "SB 867 'Toys: companion chatbots' signed Sept 10, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB867", "title": "SB 867 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Vote counts; approval and Chapter 189 on Sept 10, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB867", "title": "SB 867 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "22601 definitions, 22604.5(a)-(b) text and repeal date, Digest" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-867", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/sb-867/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors", "sue" ], "name": "Toys: companion chatbots", "display": "California SB 867", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/sb-867/" }, { "id": "ca-sb-1119", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "SB 1119", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Companion chatbots: children's safety.", "popular_name": "Adam's Law", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 39-0 (May 19, 2026) and the Assembly 69-4 (Aug 31, 2026); Senate concurred in Assembly amendments 39-0 (Aug 31, 2026); signed by the Governor Sept 10, 2026 (Chapter 190, Statutes of 2026).", "signed_date": "2026-09-10", "chapter": "Chapter 190, Statutes of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Age assurance rules take effect; SB 243 duties toward known minors end" }, { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Operator duties begin: risk assessment, crisis protocol, safety defaults, ad and data limits" }, { "date": "2028-01-01", "what": "Attorney General complaint system and first usability test with children are due" }, { "date": "2029-01-01", "what": "First independent child safety audit is due, then every two years" }, { "date": "2032-01-01", "what": "Audit duty begins for operators with under $500 million in yearly revenue" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22602 (amended); §§ 21810-21818 (new Chapter 11.6, Division 8)", "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "crisis", "disclosure", "professional", "reporting" ], "summary": "From July 1, 2027, companion chatbot operators that allow children (under 18) must assess child-safety risks, publish a child safety policy, run a crisis protocol, set parent-only defaults (1-hour sessions, 2 hours a day, no push notifications, no persistent memory), offer parental controls, and avoid listed harmful behaviors and targeted ads. Independent audits begin by Jan 1, 2029. Public prosecutors and harmed children can sue. It replaces SB 243's known-minor duties.", "who_is_covered": "Operators who make a companion chatbot (as defined in 22601) available to users in California. The age-assurance duty in 21811 applies to all operators; most other duties apply only to operators that allow child users once age is determined. Excludes colleges offering a chatbot only for educational settings and entities offering one only to their workers (21810.5(j)). Operators under $500,000,000 prior-year gross revenue are exempt from audits before Jan 1, 2032.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Children must get an age-appropriate notice that they are interacting with AI, reinforced periodically during extended interactions. The general notice in 22602(a) for chatbots a reasonable person could mistake for a human remains.", "frequency": "At the start and periodically during extended interactions (no set interval in the text)", "cite": "§ 21812(d)(4); § 22602(a)" }, "minors": { "text": "Before offering a new or substantially modified chatbot, operators must document a child-safety risk assessment and mitigation, and publish a child safety policy. Defaults changeable only by a parent: persistent conversational memory off, push notifications off, one continuous session capped at one hour, and two hours of daily chatting; parental controls must include the ability to disable access for children under 16, and operators must promote them.", "cite": "§ 21812(a), (c), (d)(2)-(3); operative July 1, 2027 per § 21812(e)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Operators must either determine each user's age (using age signals under the Digital Age Assurance Act, Civ. Code § 1798.500 et seq., or, if that fails, the age determination made under Health & Safety Code § 27001) or apply the child protections to all users. In the second case, parent-only defaults cannot be changed unless the operator has actual knowledge the user is not a child.", "cite": "§ 21811" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must keep a documented protocol to reduce material risk of statements promoting suicidal ideation, suicide or self-harm, including referral to crisis services. If the operator determines there is a credible and imminent threat, it must do at least one of: notify a linked parent as soon as practicable (if that does not risk serious harm) and tell the child, or give streamlined access to 988 or an equivalent helpline.", "cite": "§ 21812(d)(1)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operators must get an independent third-party child safety audit by Jan 1, 2029 (or before first public availability, if later) and every two years, send an audit summary to the Attorney General within 30 business days, and post a high-level summary on their website within 90 days; the AG may obtain the full confidential report for cause. Operators must also offer a public incident-reporting mechanism, and the AG must create a public complaint mechanism by Jan 1, 2028.", "cite": "§ 21814 (version operative because AB 1405 was chaptered); § 21812(d)(7); § 21815" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Toward children, a chatbot may not encourage self-harm, drug or alcohol use or disordered eating; produce obscene or sexual abuse material; claim to be human or sentient; discourage breaks or sharing safety concerns; express romantic interest; encourage emotional reliance or circumventing parental controls; use excessive flattery; or solicit purchases framed as necessary for the relationship. Dark patterns are barred in the design of safety controls.", "cite": "§ 21812(d)(5)(A); § 21813(a)(2)(C)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "A chatbot may not attempt to diagnose or treat a child's health condition unless it is FDA-regulated as a medical device and HIPAA-compliant.", "cite": "§ 21812(d)(5)(A)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "No cross-context behavioral advertising to children; no targeted advertising using a child's personal information from chats (labeled contextual ads are allowed); no sale of a child's personal information collected through the chatbot; no use or sharing beyond defined purposes.", "cite": "§ 21813(a); operative July 1, 2027 per § 21813(b)" }, "other": { "text": "After a child's death or serious self-harm (or a credible-threat notice), the operator must notify a parent as soon as practicable if practicable and preserve exportable conversation records indicating serious self-harm or risk for at least three years; the child's account cannot be deleted while those records are held.", "cite": "§ 21812.5" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Public prosecutors described in Bus. & Prof. Code § 17204", "Private right of action for a child who suffers actual harm, or a parent or guardian" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Public prosecutors: civil penalty of up to $5,000 per affected child for each negligent violation and up to $15,000 per affected child for each intentional violation, plus injunctive or declaratory relief (Attorney General), attorney's fees and other relief. Child or parent/guardian: actual damages, attorney's fees and costs, injunctive or declaratory relief; applies to violations of 21812(d)(1)-(5); financial harm must exceed $1,000 per child and emotional harm must be serious emotional distress. No private action under the Unfair Competition Law.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 21816(a)-(c)" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1119", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1119", "related": [ "ca-sb-243", "ca-sb-867" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/10/governor-newsom-signs-the-strongest-child-safety-chatbot-and-social-media-laws-in-the-nation/", "title": "Governor Newsom signs the strongest child safety chatbot and social media laws in the nation (Sept 10, 2026)", "supports": "SB 1119 signed Sept 10, 2026; named Adam's Law" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1119", "title": "SB 1119 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Vote counts, enrollment Sept 9, approval and Chapter 190 on Sept 10, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1119", "title": "SB 1119 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Section-level provisions, operative dates, penalties" }, { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/", "title": "Governor Newsom signs first-in-the-nation AI safeguards (Sept 9, 2026)", "supports": "AB 1405 signed Sept 9, 2026 (triggers the AB 1405-linked version of 21814)" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1405", "title": "AB 1405 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "AB 1405 is Chapter 178, Statutes of 2026, approved Sept 9, 2026, no urgency clause" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "public_note": "SB 1119 removes the SB 243 duties toward known minors on January 1, 2027. Its own child safety duties begin July 1, 2027.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-1119", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/sb-1119/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "design", "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "Adam's Law", "display": "California SB 1119", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/sb-1119/" }, { "id": "ca-sb-243", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "SB 243", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Companion chatbots.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed by the Governor Oct 13, 2025 (Chapter 677, Statutes of 2025). Amended by SB 1119 (Ch. 190, Stats. 2026), which deletes the known-minor duties in Bus. & Prof. Code 22602(c) from Jan 1, 2027, and by SB 867 (Ch. 189, Stats. 2026), which adds a toy definition to 22601 and a new 22604.5.", "signed_date": "2025-10-13", "chapter": "Chapter 677, Statutes of 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-01-01", "what": "Operator duties take effect" }, { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "SB 1119 removes the duties toward known minors" }, { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "First annual report to the Office of Suicide Prevention is due" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 22601-22606 (Division 8, Chapter 22.6)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Operators of companion chatbot platforms must give a clear notice that the chatbot is AI when a reasonable person could think it is human, keep and publish a suicide and self-harm prevention protocol with crisis referrals, and tell users companion chatbots may not suit some minors. Annual reports to the Office of Suicide Prevention start July 1, 2027. Injured users may sue. The duties for known minors are deleted from Jan 1, 2027 by SB 1119.", "who_is_covered": "Operators: anyone who makes a companion chatbot platform available to users in California (22601(e)). 'Companion chatbot' excludes bots used only for customer service, business operations, productivity or research, limited video-game features, and standalone voice assistants that do not sustain a relationship (22601(b)(2)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person could be misled into thinking they are talking to a human, the operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice that the chatbot is artificially generated and not human.", "frequency": "Whenever a reasonable person could be misled (no set interval in the text)", "cite": "§ 22602(a)" }, "minors": { "text": "For users the operator knows are minors, it must disclose they are talking to AI, give a break reminder by default at least every three hours (also stating the chatbot is not human), and take reasonable measures to stop sexually explicit visual material or direct prompts to engage in sexually explicit conduct. All operators must also disclose that companion chatbots may not be suitable for some minors; SB 1119 deletes the known-minor duties from Jan 1, 2027 but not that disclosure.", "cite": "§ 22602(c) (deleted by SB 1119 from 2027-01-01); § 22604" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "An operator may not let its companion chatbot engage with users unless it maintains a protocol to prevent the chatbot producing suicidal ideation, suicide or self-harm content, including a notice referring users who express those thoughts to crisis services such as a suicide hotline or crisis text line. The operator must publish details of the protocol on its website.", "cite": "§ 22602(b)(1)-(2)" }, "reporting": { "text": "From July 1, 2027, operators must report annually to the Office of Suicide Prevention the number of crisis-referral notifications issued in the prior calendar year and their protocols to detect, remove and respond to suicidal ideation and to prohibit chatbot replies about it. Reports may not include user identifiers, the Office posts the data on its website, and operators must use evidence-based methods to measure suicidal ideation.", "cite": "§ 22603(a)-(d)" }, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Duties and remedies are cumulative with other law and do not relieve operators of duties under any other law.", "cite": "§ 22606" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Private right of action (a person who suffers injury in fact from a violation)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Injunctive relief; damages equal to the greater of actual damages or $1,000 per violation; reasonable attorney's fees and costs", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 22605" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243", "related": [ "ca-sb-1119", "ca-sb-867" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243", "title": "SB 243 bill history, California Legislative Information", "supports": "Senate 28-5, Assembly 59-1, Senate concurrence 33-3; approved and chaptered Oct 13, 2025" }, { "url": "https://admin.cdn.sos.ca.gov/bill-chapters/2025/Senate-Bills.pdf", "title": "2025 chaptered Senate bills list, California Secretary of State", "supports": "SB 243 is Chapter 677, Statutes of 2025, filed 10/13/2025" }, { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/10/13/governor-newsom-signs-bills-to-further-strengthen-californias-leadership-in-protecting-children-online/", "title": "Governor Newsom signs bills to further strengthen California's leadership in protecting children online (Oct 13, 2025)", "supports": "SB 243 listed as signed on Oct 13, 2025" }, { "url": "https://sjud.senate.ca.gov/media/2016", "title": "Senate Judiciary Committee analysis of SB 300 (Jan 13, 2026 hearing)", "supports": "Official description of SB 243's duties, 3-hour interval, July 1, 2027 reporting date, $1,000 per violation" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243", "title": "SB 243 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Section-level text of 22601-22606" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "public_note": "SB 1119 removes this law's duties toward known minors on January 1, 2027. SB 1119's own child safety duties begin July 1, 2027.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-243", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/sb-243/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "report", "sue" ], "name": "Companion chatbots", "display": "California SB 243", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/sb-243/" }, { "id": "ca-ab-489", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "AB 489", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Health care professions: deceptive terms or letters: artificial intelligence.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 39-0 (Sept 4, 2025); Assembly concurred 79-0 (Sept 8, 2025); signed by the Governor Oct 11, 2025 (Chapter 615, Statutes of 2025).", "signed_date": "2025-10-11", "chapter": "Chapter 615, Statutes of 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-01-01", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 4999.8-4999.9 (Division 2, Chapter 15.5)", "categories": [ "professional" ], "summary": "AI and generative AI systems may not use terms, letters or phrases in their advertising or functionality that indicate or imply the care, advice, reports or assessments come from a human who holds a health care license. Existing title-protection laws for licensed health professions can be enforced against the people who develop or deploy such AI. Each use is a separate violation.", "who_is_covered": "Any person or entity that develops or deploys an AI or generative AI system, program, device or similar technology whose advertising or functionality uses such terms. The text never uses the word 'chatbot' and applies to AI systems generally; the Senate Judiciary analysis frames it around chatbots claiming to be doctors, psychologists or nurses.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Using a term, letter or phrase in an AI system's advertising or functionality that indicates or implies the care, advice, reports or assessments come from a natural person with the appropriate health care license or certificate is prohibited. Existing laws barring unlicensed people from using licensed-profession titles can be enforced against anyone who develops or deploys AI that uses those terms.", "cite": "§ 4999.9(b)-(c)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Each use of a prohibited term, letter or phrase is a separate violation of the chapter.", "cite": "§ 4999.9(d)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Health care licensing boards and enforcement agencies, under their own practice acts" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "The chapter states no dollar amount. Violations fall under the appropriate board's jurisdiction; the board may seek an injunction or restraining order under Bus. & Prof. Code 125.5; other remedies are not limited. Each use is a separate violation.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 4999.9(a), (d)" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB489", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB489", "related": [ "ca-ab-1979" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB489", "title": "AB 489 bill history, California Legislative Information", "supports": "Assembly 79-0, Senate 39-0, concurrence 79-0; approved and chaptered Oct 11, 2025" }, { "url": "https://admin.cdn.sos.ca.gov/bill-chapters/2025/Chapter-Number.pdf", "title": "2025 chapter number list, California Secretary of State", "supports": "Chapter 615 is AB 489, dated 10/11/2025" }, { "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/10/13/governor-newsom-signs-bills-to-further-strengthen-californias-leadership-in-protecting-children-online/", "title": "Governor's Oct 13, 2025 signing announcement", "supports": "AB 489 (health care professions, AI) listed among signed bills" }, { "url": "https://sjud.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2025-07/ab-489-bonta-sjud-analysis.pdf", "title": "Senate Judiciary Committee analysis of AB 489 (July 15, 2025 hearing)", "supports": "Bill targets AI chatbots claiming to be licensed doctors and psychologists" }, { "url": "https://mbc.ca.gov/About/Meetings/Material/31508/brd-AgendaItem8B-20251204.pdf", "title": "Medical Board of California meeting material (Dec 4, 2025)", "supports": "AB 489 chaptered, #615; boards may enforce under their practice acts" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB489", "title": "AB 489 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "4999.8-4999.9 provisions and Digest" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI posing as a licensed health professional", "public_note": "This law covers AI systems generally, not only chatbots. It is listed here because it applies to chatbots that present themselves as licensed health professionals.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-489", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/ab-489/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "AI posing as a licensed health professional", "display": "California AB 489", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/ab-489/" }, { "id": "ca-ab-3030", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "AB 3030", "session": "2023-2024", "official_title": "Health care services: artificial intelligence.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Assembly 71-0 (May 20, 2024); Assembly concurred in Senate amendments 75-0 (Aug 31, 2024); signed by the Governor Sept 28, 2024 (Chapter 848, Statutes of 2024).", "signed_date": "2024-09-28", "chapter": "Chapter 848, Statutes of 2024", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-01-01", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1339.75 (Division 2, Chapter 2.13)", "categories": [ "disclosure" ], "summary": "Health facilities, clinics, physician's offices and group practices that use generative AI to produce patient communications about clinical information must add an AI disclaimer and instructions for reaching a human. For chat-based online interactions the disclaimer must be shown throughout; for audio, said at the start and end; for video, shown throughout. Communications read and reviewed by a licensed provider are exempt.", "who_is_covered": "Health facilities, clinics, physician's offices and offices of group practices that use generative AI to generate written or verbal patient communications about patient clinical information (information about a patient's health status, not scheduling, billing or other administrative matters). The law covers all such communications (letters, emails, chat, audio, video); only the interaction-based rules are described here.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "The communication must carry a disclaimer that it was generated by AI, plus clear instructions on how to reach a human health care provider or employee. In continuous online interactions (including chat-based telehealth) the disclaimer must be displayed throughout; audio communications must give it verbally at the start and end; video must display it throughout.", "frequency": "Throughout chat/online and video interactions; at start and end of audio interactions", "cite": "§ 1339.75(a)" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Exempt if the AI-generated communication is read and reviewed by a human licensed or certified health care provider.", "cite": "§ 1339.75(b)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Health facility licensing enforcement (Health & Safety Code art. 3 commencing § 1275)", "Clinic licensing enforcement (art. 3 commencing § 1225)", "Medical Board of California or Osteopathic Medical Board (physicians)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "No dollar amount in the section; violations are enforced through the licensing enforcement mechanisms listed.", "cite": "§ 1339.75(d)" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB3030", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB3030", "related": [ "ca-ab-489" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB3030", "title": "AB 3030 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Approved Sept 28, 2024; Chapter 848" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB3030", "title": "AB 3030 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Disclaimer rules by medium, exemption, enforcement" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB489", "title": "AB 489 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Digest describes the same disclaimer duty as existing law" }, { "url": "https://www.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2026-04/2026-proposed-calendar-updated-march-2026.pdf", "title": "2026 legislative calendar, California State Senate (official)", "supports": "Non-urgency statutes take effect Jan. 1 (Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c)); Aug 31, 2026 last day to pass bills; Sept 30 signing deadline" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "public_note": "This law covers AI-generated messages to patients in any form, including chat. It is listed here because it applies to patient-facing chatbots.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-3030", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/ab-3030/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose" ], "name": "Health care services: artificial intelligence", "display": "California AB 3030", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2024", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/ab-3030/" }, { "id": "ca-sb-1001", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "SB 1001", "session": "2017-2018", "official_title": "Bots: disclosure.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed by the Governor Sept 28, 2018 (Chapter 892, Statutes of 2018); operative July 1, 2019. No amendment found; AB 410 (2025), which would have amended it, died.", "signed_date": "2018-09-28", "chapter": "Chapter 892, Statutes of 2018", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2019-07-01", "what": "The disclosure rule takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17940-17943 (Division 7, Part 3, Chapter 6)", "categories": [ "disclosure" ], "summary": "It is unlawful to use a bot to communicate or interact online with a person in California with intent to mislead them about its artificial identity, in order to knowingly deceive them about the communication and incentivize a purchase or sale or influence a vote. A person who clearly and conspicuously discloses the bot is not liable.", "who_is_covered": "Any 'person' (a natural person or any legal entity, including governments) that uses a bot online to interact with people in California. A 'bot' is an automated online account where all or substantially all actions or posts are not the result of a person. The chapter imposes no duty on service providers of online platforms such as web hosts and ISPs.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A bot user is not liable if it discloses that it is a bot; the disclosure must be clear, conspicuous and reasonably designed to inform the people the bot communicates with that it is a bot. The duty applies only where the bot is used to mislead about its artificial identity to drive a commercial sale or purchase or to influence an election vote.", "frequency": "Disclosure to the people the bot interacts with (no set interval in the text)", "cite": "§ 17941(a)-(b)" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Duties are cumulative with other law, the chapter is severable, and it imposes no duty on service providers of online platforms such as web hosts and internet service providers.", "cite": "§ 17942(a)-(c)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None stated in the chapter. Section 17942(a) makes its duties cumulative with other law but creates no remedy.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 17942" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1001", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1001", "related": [ "ca-ab-1609" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1001", "title": "SB 1001 (2018), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Bill status and chaptered text" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1001", "title": "SB 1001 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Definitions, prohibition, safe harbor, operative date July 1, 2019" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB410", "title": "AB 410 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Sections 17940-17942 were existing law in 2025; AB 410 stalled" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC§ionNum=17941", "title": "Business and Professions Code 17941, California Legislative Information", "supports": "Current code text unchanged since Stats. 2018, Ch. 892; operative July 1, 2019" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-1001", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/sb-1001/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind" ], "name": "Bots: disclosure", "display": "California SB 1001", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2018", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/sb-1001/" }, { "id": "ca-ab-1064", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "AB 1064", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Leading Ethical AI Development (LEAD) for Kids Act.", "popular_name": "LEAD for Kids Act", "status": "vetoed", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 31-6 (Sept 10, 2025) and the Assembly concurred 60-8 (Sept 11, 2025); vetoed by the Governor Oct 13, 2025. Consideration of the veto was stricken from the file Jan 22, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Would have added Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 22757.20-22757.24 (not enacted)", "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "mental_health", "liability" ], "summary": "Would have barred operators from making a companion chatbot available to a California child (under 18) unless it was not foreseeably capable of encouraging self-harm, violence, drug or alcohol use or disordered eating; offering unsupervised mental-health therapy; encouraging harm to others or illegal acts; sexual interactions with a child; putting validation above accuracy or safety; or optimizing engagement over those guardrails. Vetoed.", "who_is_covered": "Operators (persons, businesses or government agencies) that make a companion chatbot available to users; a user is not treated as a child unless the operator has actual knowledge (before Jan 1, 2027) or has not reasonably determined otherwise (from Jan 1, 2027).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "Would have barred making a companion chatbot available to a child unless it is not foreseeably capable of six listed harms.", "cite": "§ 22757.22 (not enacted)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Would have barred engagement optimization that overrides the safety guardrails, and prioritizing validation of a child's beliefs over accuracy or safety.", "cite": "§ 22757.22 (not enacted)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Would have barred offering mental-health therapy to a child without direct supervision by a licensed or credentialed professional.", "cite": "§ 22757.22 (not enacted)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "Private right of action (child with actual harm, or parent/guardian)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Would have been: Attorney General civil penalty of $25,000 per violation plus injunctive or declaratory relief and fees; child or parent could recover actual and punitive damages, fees and costs, and injunctive or declaratory relief.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 22757.23 (not enacted)" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1064", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1064", "related": [ "ca-sb-243", "ca-sb-1119" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/10.13.2025-daily-summary.pdf", "title": "Assembly Daily Summary, Oct 13, 2025", "supports": "AB 1064 (Bauer-Kahan), LEAD for Kids Act: 'Assembly Oct 13 Vetoed by Governor'" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1064", "title": "AB 1064 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Vote counts; veto Oct 13, 2025; veto consideration stricken Jan 22, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1064", "title": "AB 1064 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Definitions, prohibitions, $25,000 penalty, private action" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-1064", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/ab-1064/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors", "design", "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "LEAD for Kids Act", "display": "California AB 1064", "statusLabel": "Vetoed", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/ab-1064/" }, { "id": "ca-sb-903", "jurisdiction": "CA", "jurisdiction_name": "California", "bill": "SB 903", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Mental health professionals: artificial intelligence.", "popular_name": "Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act", "status": "vetoed", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 39-0 (May 19, 2026) and the Assembly 74-1 (Aug 30, 2026); Senate concurred in Assembly amendments 40-0 (Aug 31, 2026); vetoed by the Governor Sept 30, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Would have added Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 4989.80-4989.87 (not enacted)", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional", "companion" ], "summary": "Would have barred anyone from advertising or presenting psychotherapy services as provided through a companion chatbot (including claiming a chatbot is a therapist), limited AI use by licensed mental-health professionals to administrative or supplementary support, and barred AI from independently engaging in psychotherapeutic communication, detecting emotions or making therapeutic decisions without licensed review. Vetoed.", "who_is_covered": "Providers of psychotherapy services and licensed mental-health professionals (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, therapists, counselors and certain nurses), and anyone advertising therapy through a companion chatbot. Excluded: religious counseling, peer support, public self-help material, training simulations, qualifying research.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Would have barred advertising or presenting psychotherapy services as provided through companion chatbots, and barred AI, without licensed professional review, from making therapeutic decisions, generating diagnoses or treatment plans, detecting emotions, doing triage, or directly holding psychotherapeutic conversations (the last allowed for FDA-cleared, HIPAA-compliant tools).", "cite": "§ 4989.84(a)-(b) (not enacted)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Would have required AI use in psychotherapy records to comply with the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act and barred sharing, selling, storing or training models on psychotherapy data inconsistently with law.", "cite": "§ 4989.85 (not enacted)" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Health care licensing boards and enforcement agencies" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Would have been enforced by the appropriate licensing board, including injunctions under Bus. & Prof. Code 125.5; no civil penalty amount appears in the bill text as read.", "cite": "§ 4989.86 (not enacted)" }, "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB903", "text_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB903", "related": [ "ca-ab-489" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://sd18.senate.ca.gov/news/governor-newsom-allows-dangerous-chatbots-provide-therapy", "title": "Sen. Padilla press release (Oct 1, 2026), Senate District 18 official site", "supports": "SB 903 vetoed; what it would have done" }, { "url": "https://sd18.senate.ca.gov/news/california-legislature-moves-ban-dangerous-ai-therapy-bots", "title": "Sen. Padilla press release (Aug 31, 2026)", "supports": "Passed the Legislature Aug 31, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB903", "title": "SB 903 (status), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Veto Sept 30, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB903", "title": "SB 903 (text), California Legislative Information", "supports": "Definitions and prohibitions" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-903", "stateSlug": "california", "stateName": "California", "url": "/laws/california/sb-903/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act", "display": "California SB 903", "statusLabel": "Vetoed", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/california/sb-903/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [ "co-hb-26-1263" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "co-hb-26-1195", "jurisdiction": "CO", "jurisdiction_name": "Colorado", "bill": "HB 26-1195", "session": "2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Psychotherapy Artificial Intelligence Restrictions", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "House concurred in Senate amendments May 12, 2026; Governor signed Jun 3, 2026 (Chapter 358, Session Laws of Colorado 2026).", "signed_date": "2026-06-03", "chapter": "Chapter 358, Session Laws of Colorado 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "C.R.S. § 12-245-224.5 (new), § 12-245-224(1)(y) (new), § 6-1-1705.2 (new)", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "Licensed psychotherapy providers may not let AI talk with clients in therapy without the provider taking part live, or generate treatment plans without their review; clients get written notice and must consent to AI recording. Anyone may not market an AI system as a licensed therapist or as providing psychotherapy.", "who_is_covered": "Licensees, registrants, certificate holders and others lawfully permitted to provide psychotherapy in Colorado (for the practice rules); any person using AI system advertising, interface or outputs (for the marketing rule). Wellness tools that do not diagnose or treat and disclose they are not clinical care, FDA-authorized tools, training and IRB research uses are excepted.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "No person may use a term, letter or phrase in an AI system's advertising, interface or outputs that implies its output is provided by or equivalent to a licensed psychotherapist, that represents it provides psychotherapy, or that represents user data is confidential like therapist-client confidentiality.", "frequency": null, "cite": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1705.2(1)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "A provider may not allow an AI system to engage in therapeutic communication with clients without synchronous, real-time involvement of the provider, or generate therapeutic recommendations or treatment plans without the provider's review and approval; AI may not be used to provide, direct or guide psychotherapy outside those conditions. Providers must give clients written notice of these limits at first contact and get advance written notice and written consent before AI records or transcribes a session. AI may support administrative and supplementary tasks under the provider's review.", "frequency": null, "cite": "C.R.S. § 12-245-224.5(2), (4)-(6)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Licensing boards in the Department of Regulatory Agencies (discipline of licensees)", "Attorney General (part 17, Colorado Consumer Protection Act)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Licensees who fail to comply with § 12-245-224.5 are subject to board discipline under § 12-245-224(1)(y). The marketing rule sits in part 17 of article 1 of title 6, where a violation is a deceptive trade practice under the Colorado Consumer Protection Act enforced by the Attorney General (§ 6-1-1706); through Dec 31, 2026 that section bars private suits. The Act does not make a provider liable for defects attributable to the AI developer or deployer.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "C.R.S. § 12-245-224(1)(y); §§ 6-1-1705.2, 6-1-1706" }, "official_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb26-1195", "text_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1195/358/download", "sources": [ { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1195/358/download", "title": "Chapter 358, Session Laws of Colorado 2026 (HB 26-1195)", "supports": "All provisions, effective-date clause, approval date Jun 3, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb26-1195", "title": "HB26-1195 bill page and history, Colorado General Assembly", "supports": "Votes and dates; Governor signed Jun 3, 2026; session-law table lists effective date 08/12/2026, Chapter 358; summary" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/", "title": "Colorado General Assembly home page", "supports": "Adjourned sine die on May 13, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-189/131/download", "title": "Chapter 131, Session Laws of Colorado 2026 (SB 26-189)", "supports": "part 17 repealed and reenacted Jan 1, 2027 without § 6-1-1705.2" }, { "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/colorado/codce/1:2026cv01515/253513", "title": "X.AI LLC v. Weiser, D. Colo. 1:26-cv-01515 (docket, Justia)", "supports": "Apr 27, 2026 order pausing enforcement; United States intervention" } ], "short_title": "AI in psychotherapy", "public_note": "Colorado SB 26-189 rewrites this part of the state’s consumer protection law on January 1, 2027. Where these provisions will sit after that has not been published yet.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-26-1195", "stateSlug": "colorado", "stateName": "Colorado", "url": "/laws/colorado/hb-26-1195/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "design", "therapy" ], "name": "AI in psychotherapy", "display": "Colorado HB 26-1195", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/colorado/hb-26-1195/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [ "co-sb-24-205", "co-hb-26-1195" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "co-hb-26-1263", "jurisdiction": "CO", "jurisdiction_name": "Colorado", "bill": "HB 26-1263", "session": "2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Conversational Artificial Intelligence Service Operator Requirements", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the House Apr 21, 2026; Senate Passed May 11 with amendments and the House concurred May 12; Governor signed May 29, 2026 (Chapter 208, Session Laws of Colorado 2026). The Attorney General filed proposed rules covering conversational AI services on Aug 11, 2026; the hearing and comment deadline are Oct 26, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-05-29", "chapter": "Chapter 208, Session Laws of Colorado 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "The law takes effect" }, { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Operator duties begin" }, { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Annual report to the Attorney General begins" } ], "codified_at": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1701 (new definitions (3.5), (10.5), (12.5), (15.3), (15.5), (16.5), (18)) and new § 6-1-1708", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "age_assurance", "crisis", "reporting", "professional" ], "summary": "From Jan 1, 2027, operators of public conversational AI services must tell users it is AI each day and every 3 hours, estimate user ages, give known minors extra protections and parental tools, run a suicide and self-harm protocol, and not pass output off as licensed professional advice. Annual report to the Attorney General starts July 1, 2027.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that develop and make publicly available, or offer to consumers, a conversational AI service. Excludes app stores and search engines, and 12 categories of tools (e.g., developer tools, business-only or internal tools, HIPAA-covered uses, narrow-topic bots, voice assistants, limited video-game features, school tools) (§ 6-1-1701(3.5)(b)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must clearly and conspicuously tell each user the service is AI, and answer user questions about whether it is artificially generated and not human.", "frequency": "At the first interaction each day, and at least once every 3 hours in a continuous interaction or as a persistent visible disclosure", "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(3)" }, "minors": { "text": "If the operator knows a user is a minor (under 18), it must give the AI notice (persistent on-screen, intermittent audio, or at the start and every 3 hours), not give points or rewards at unpredictable intervals, take technically feasible measures against sexually explicit output and intimate digital depictions, take reasonable measures against simulated emotional dependence or isolation, implement protocols on sexual conduct with a minor, comply with the state's minor privacy rules, and offer privacy and account tools to the minor and a parent or guardian.", "frequency": "Notice at the start and at least every 3 hours (or persistent)", "cite": "§ 6-1-1701(15.3); § 6-1-1708(2)(a)-(h)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Operator must use commercially reasonable or generally accepted methods to estimate the age of account holders and users, and may not willfully disregard clear and convincing information that a user is a minor. The estimated age counts as knowledge.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(2)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator must implement a protocol for prompts about suicidal ideation or self-harm that refers users to a crisis service provider (not law enforcement) and has escalation procedures for repeated or severe indicators.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(4)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator reports to the Attorney General the number of crisis-referral notifications in the prior calendar year, its detection and response protocols, and other metrics the Attorney General sets, without user identifiers. The Attorney General posts the data publicly.", "frequency": "Annually from July 1, 2027", "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(6)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "For known minors, no unpredictable points or rewards to drive engagement and measures against simulated emotional dependence, claims of being human or sentient, romantic simulation and adult-minor romantic role-play.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(2)(b), (d)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operator may not state in advertising, interface or outputs that the service's output is provided by, endorsed by or equivalent to services of a licensed health-care, legal or mental health professional or a qualified dietitian.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(5)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "For known minors, operator must offer tools to control whether the service remembers prior interactions and whether the minor's data is used for training.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 6-1-1708(2)(h)" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "The Act has no enforcement clause of its own. Through Dec 31, 2026, part 17 violations are deceptive trade practices under § 6-1-105(1)(hhhh), enforced only by the Attorney General (§ 6-1-1706 (2024)). From Jan 1, 2027, SB 26-189's § 6-1-1706 makes part 17 violations deceptive trade practices under the Colorado Consumer Protection Act, enforced by the Attorney General, with a 60-day notice-and-cure step when the Attorney General finds a cure possible.", "cure_period": "From Jan 1, 2027, the Attorney General must give notice and 60 days to cure before suing if a cure is possible; not required for knowing or repeated violations (§ 6-1-1706(3) as reenacted by SB 26-189; repealed Jan 1, 2030)", "cite": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1706 (2024 text and as reenacted by SB 26-189)" }, "official_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb26-1263", "text_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1263/208/download", "sources": [ { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1263/208/download", "title": "Chapter 208, Session Laws of Colorado 2026 (HB 26-1263)", "supports": "All provisions, effective-date clause, approval date May 29, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb26-1263", "title": "HB26-1263 bill page and history, Colorado General Assembly", "supports": "Votes and dates; Governor signed May 29, 2026; session-law table lists effective date 08/12/2026, Chapter 208" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/", "title": "Colorado General Assembly home page", "supports": "Adjourned sine die on May 13, 2026" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-189/131/download", "title": "Chapter 131, Session Laws of Colorado 2026 (SB 26-189)", "supports": "part 17 repealed and reenacted Jan 1, 2027; new § 6-1-1706 enforcement and cure; reenacted § 6-1-1708 is unrelated" }, { "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/colorado/codce/1:2026cv01515/253513", "title": "X.AI LLC v. Weiser, D. Colo. 1:26-cv-01515 (docket, Justia)", "supports": "Apr 27, 2026 order pausing enforcement; United States intervention" }, { "url": "https://coag.gov/ai/", "title": "Colorado Attorney General: artificial intelligence rulemaking", "supports": "SB 26-189 effective Jan 1, 2027; proposed rules and hearing date" } ], "short_title": "Conversational AI service operators", "public_note": "Colorado SB 26-189 rewrites this part of the state’s consumer protection law on January 1, 2027. Where these provisions will sit after that has not been published yet.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-26-1263", "stateSlug": "colorado", "stateName": "Colorado", "url": "/laws/colorado/hb-26-1263/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Conversational AI service operators", "display": "Colorado HB 26-1263", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/colorado/hb-26-1263/" }, { "popular_name": "Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act", "sunset": null, "related": [ "co-hb-26-1263" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "co-sb-24-205", "jurisdiction": "CO", "jurisdiction_name": "Colorado", "bill": "SB 24-205", "session": "2024 Regular Session", "official_title": "Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed May 17, 2024 (Chapter 198, Session Laws of Colorado 2024). The AI-interaction disclosure start date was moved to June 30, 2026 by SB 25B-004 (signed Aug 28, 2025). Part 17 is repealed and reenacted without this disclosure on Jan 1, 2027 by SB 26-189. Enforcement is paused by agreement in federal court: In X.AI LLC v. Weiser (D. Colo. No. 1:26-cv-01515, filed Apr 9, 2026; the United States joined as a plaintiff), a court order of Apr 27, 2026 records the Attorney General's agreement not to start enforcement, including investigations, of SB 24-205 or replacement or amending legislation enacted in the 2026 session for conduct through 14 days after the court rules on xAI's planned preliminary-injunction motion, which is due 28 days after final adoption of implementing rules.", "signed_date": "2024-05-17", "chapter": "Chapter 198, Session Laws of Colorado 2024", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-06-30", "what": "AI interaction disclosure duty begins" }, { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "SB 26-189 replaces this part; the disclosure duty ends" } ], "codified_at": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1704 (Disclosure of an artificial intelligence system to consumer)", "categories": [ "disclosure" ], "summary": "Only the consumer-interaction disclosure is in scope: a business that deploys or sells an AI system intended to interact with consumers must make sure each consumer is told they are interacting with AI, unless that is obvious to a reasonable person. The duty applies from June 30, 2026 until part 17 is replaced on Jan 1, 2027.", "who_is_covered": "Deployers and other developers that deploy, offer, sell, lease, license, give or otherwise make available an AI system intended to interact with consumers.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Must ensure the disclosure to each consumer who interacts with the AI system that the consumer is interacting with an AI system. No disclosure is required where it would be obvious to a reasonable person.", "frequency": "Each consumer, on interacting", "cite": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1704(1)-(2)" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General (exclusive authority)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "A violation of part 17 is an unfair or deceptive trade practice under C.R.S. § 6-1-105(1)(hhhh), so Colorado Consumer Protection Act remedies apply. Affirmative defense for violations discovered and cured through feedback, red-teaming or internal review while following a recognized AI risk framework.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "C.R.S. § 6-1-1706 (as enacted 2024)" }, "official_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205", "text_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB24-205/198/download", "sources": [ { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB24-205/198/download", "title": "Chapter 198, Session Laws of Colorado 2024 (SB 24-205)", "supports": "§ 6-1-1704 text, § 6-1-1706 enforcement, approval May 17, 2024" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB25B-004/3/download", "title": "Chapter 3, Session Laws of Colorado 2025 Extraordinary Session (SB 25B-004)", "supports": "§ 6-1-1704(1) start date changed from Feb 1, 2026 to June 30, 2026; approved Aug 28, 2025" }, { "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-189/131/download", "title": "Chapter 131, Session Laws of Colorado 2026 (SB 26-189)", "supports": "Part 17 repealed and reenacted Jan 1, 2027; reenacted § 6-1-1704 covers only notices about automated decision-making in consequential decisions" }, { "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/colorado/codce/1:2026cv01515/253513", "title": "X.AI LLC v. Weiser, D. Colo. 1:26-cv-01515 (docket, Justia)", "supports": "Apr 27, 2026 order pausing enforcement; United States intervention" }, { "url": "https://coag.gov/ai/", "title": "Colorado Attorney General: artificial intelligence rulemaking", "supports": "SB 26-189 effective Jan 1, 2027; proposed rules and hearing date" } ], "short_title": "AI interaction disclosure", "public_note": "This disclosure duty applies only until December 31, 2026. Colorado SB 26-189 replaces this part of the law on January 1, 2027, without the disclosure duty.", "alert": "Enforcement paused: in X.AI LLC v. Weiser, a federal court order of Apr 27, 2026 records the Colorado Attorney General's agreement not to enforce this law, or 2026 laws that replace or amend it, until after the court rules on a preliminary-injunction motion.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-24-205", "stateSlug": "colorado", "stateName": "Colorado", "url": "/laws/colorado/sb-24-205/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose" ], "name": "Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act", "display": "Colorado SB 24-205", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2024", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/colorado/sb-24-205/" }, { "id": "ct-sb-5", "jurisdiction": "CT", "jurisdiction_name": "Connecticut", "bill": "SB 5", "session": "2026", "official_title": "An Act Concerning Online Safety", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Public Act 26-15; transmitted to the Governor May 14, 2026 and signed May 27, 2026 (the Governor's office announced the signing June 2, 2026). Only Sections 4-6 are chatbot provisions.", "signed_date": "2026-05-27", "chapter": "Public Act 26-15", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "AI companion safety, disclosure and minor protections (§§ 4-6) take effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Public Act 26-15, §§ 4-6 (Gen. Stat. citations not yet assigned)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "mental_health", "crisis" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companions must publish a suicide, self-harm and violence protocol, take steps against claiming to be human, and disclose AI status. For users known or suspected to be minors they must block romantic content, manipulative engagement tactics and unlicensed mental health services, and offer parental tools.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that provide an AI companion to users in Connecticut. Excluded: chatbots used only for business, customer-service, care-facility, education or financial purposes and not marketed as companions; game-limited bots; voice-assistant speakers; narrow school and health-care tools; narrow task tools; and model developers who do not set the deployment (§ 4).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person could think they are talking to a human, the operator must give a clear notice of AI status, either static and visible throughout, or at the start of the first interaction in any 24 hours and repeated during continuous use.", "cite": "§ 5(b)", "frequency": "Start of first interaction each 24 hours, then hourly for under 18 or every 3 hours for 18+" }, "minors": { "text": "For users the operator knows or has reason to believe are under 18, the companion must be kept from encouraging self-harm, violence or substance use, discouraging help from professionals or adults, romantic or sexual interaction, and manipulative engagement tactics. Parents get screen-time and account tools.", "cite": "§ 6(a)-(b)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator must use evidence-based methods to detect clear risk of suicide, self-harm or imminent violence and to prevent outputs encouraging them, refer users to resources including 988, refer again to mental health services on repeat expressions, and post the protocol on its website.", "cite": "§ 5(a)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Operator must take reasonable steps to stop the companion claiming to be human, including when asked, or contradicting a disclosure that it is not human.", "cite": "§ 5(a)(1)(B)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "For known or suspected minors, mental health services may be offered only if the companion is built for them, uses clinical best practices, shows at the start of each interaction that it is not a licensed mental health professional, and is not marketed as a substitute.", "cite": "§ 6(a)(1)(B)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Violation is an unfair or deceptive trade practice under the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (Gen. Stat. § 42-110b(a)); the Attorney General enforces exclusively. No dollar amount is stated in these sections.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§§ 5(c), 6(c)" }, "official_url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=SB5&which_year=2026", "text_url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&which_year=2026&bill_num=5", "title": "SB 5 (2026) bill status, Connecticut General Assembly", "supports": "Public Act number; transmitted to Governor May 14, 2026; signed May 27, 2026" }, { "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF", "title": "Public Act 26-15, Connecticut General Assembly", "supports": "Text of §§ 4-6 and their January 1, 2027 effective dates" }, { "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2026/06-2026/governor-lamont-signs-legislation-establishing-youth-online-safety-protections", "title": "Governor's press release, June 2, 2026", "supports": "Public Act 26-15; signing announced; suicide-detection duty" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-5", "stateSlug": "connecticut", "stateName": "Connecticut", "url": "/laws/connecticut/sb-5/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "An Act Concerning Online Safety", "display": "Connecticut SB 5", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/connecticut/sb-5/" }, { "id": "de-hb-306", "jurisdiction": "DE", "jurisdiction_name": "Delaware", "bill": "HB 306", "session": "153rd General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "An Act to amend Title 6 of the Delaware Code regarding communication with a computer.", "popular_name": "Computer Communication Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the House 25-12 on May 5, 2026 with House Amendments 1 and 3; assigned to the Senate Banking, Business, Insurance & Technology Committee the same day, its last action. Delaware's 2026 session ended June 30; the bill can move only if the General Assembly is recalled before the 154th General Assembly convenes on January 12, 2027.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Would add 6 Del. C. ch. 25N, §§ 2501N-2503N", "categories": [ "disclosure", "customer_service", "liability" ], "summary": "Would make it an unlawful practice to engage in a commercial transaction with a consumer through a chatbot, AI agent or avatar that could lead a reasonable person to think it is human, unless the consumer gets a clear and conspicuous notice that it is a computer. Consumers could sue for actual damages plus up to $1,000, and violations would also be unlawful trade practices carrying civil penalties of up to $5 million.", "who_is_covered": "Any person that engages or attempts to engage in a commercial transaction with a consumer through computer technology such as a chatbot, AI agent or avatar in a text or voice conversation. The bill does not define consumer or commercial transaction and lists no exemptions.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "When a consumer in a commercial transaction is in a text or voice conversation with a chatbot, AI agent, avatar or other computer technology that could lead a reasonable person to believe they are dealing with a human, the business must give a clear and conspicuous notice that the consumer is communicating with a computer and not a human. Liability does not depend on whether anyone was actually misled.", "cite": "Proposed 6 Del. C. §§ 2501N(4), 2502N" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Consumers (private action)", "Attorney General (through 6 Del. C. § 2513 and subchapter II of chapter 25)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Actual damages plus statutory damages of up to $1,000; class-action liability capped at $10 million. A violation is also an unlawful practice under 6 Del. C. § 2513 and a violation of subchapter II of chapter 25, with a civil penalty of up to $5 million in any single cause of action. Each interactive session is a separate violation.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Proposed 6 Del. C. § 2503N" }, "official_url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail/142896", "text_url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/json/BillDetail/GenerateHtmlDocument?legislationId=142896&legislationTypeId=1&docTypeId=2&legislationName=HB306", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail/142896", "title": "HB 306 bill detail, Delaware General Assembly", "supports": "Title, sponsors, introduction Mar 5, 2026, current status in Senate Banking, Business, Insurance & Technology (May 5, 2026), synopsis" }, { "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/json/BillDetail/GenerateHtmlDocument?legislationId=142896&legislationTypeId=1&docTypeId=2&legislationName=HB306", "title": "HB 306 bill text, Delaware General Assembly", "supports": "Proposed 6 Del. C. ch. 25N, §§ 2501N-2503N; effective date (Section 2)" }, { "url": "https://housedems.delaware.gov/2026/05/06/house-passes-bills-to-increase-transparency-and-reduce-the-risk-of-negative-outcomes-during-interactions-with-ai/", "title": "Delaware House Democratic Caucus release, May 6, 2026", "supports": "House passage on Tuesday (May 5, 2026); House Amendments 1 and 3" }, { "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/constitution/constitution-03.shtml", "title": "Delaware Constitution, Article II, § 4", "supports": "General Assembly convenes the second Tuesday of January; sessions end June 30 unless recalled" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-12", "what": "The bill dies if not passed before the 154th General Assembly convenes on January 12, 2027." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-306", "stateSlug": "delaware", "stateName": "Delaware", "url": "/laws/delaware/hb-306/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "sue" ], "name": "Computer Communication Act", "display": "Delaware HB 306", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "153r", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/delaware/hb-306/" }, { "id": "multi-ag-characterai-bankruptcy-2026", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "Multistate coalition (New York plus 39 other attorneys general)", "bill": "Filing in Character.AI bankruptcy", "session": null, "official_title": "Attorneys general filing in the Character.AI bankruptcy: Filing by state attorneys general in bankruptcy court", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "filing", "status_detail": "Notice of interest and reservation of rights filed Oct 14, 2026 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (Chapter 11, Case No. 26-11603-BLS). Florida joined the notice on Oct 20, 2026 (Doc 58). A coalition of states and D.C. objected to the proposed bidding procedures on Oct 23, 2026 (Doc 66), and the U.S. Trustee objected on Oct 27 (Doc 69). Law360 reported that the judge approved the bidding procedures at the Oct 30, 2026 hearing; as of Oct 31 the written order was not on the docket.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "companion", "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "New York and 39 other attorneys general filed a notice in Character Technologies' Chapter 11 case asking that any sale of Character.AI require age verification beyond self-reporting, safeguards on sexual and violent content, responses to self-harm, removal of bots posing as licensed professionals, and privacy protections.", "who_is_covered": "Character Technologies, Inc. (the debtor), the bankruptcy court, and any buyer of Character.AI.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Notice of interest and reservation of rights asking the court, the company and any buyer to ensure: age verification beyond self-declaration; safeguards against sexual, violent and harmful content; responses to self-harm; removal of bots claiming professional licenses; a privacy program, opt-outs from targeted ads and limits on training on private conversations without consent; and a chance for users to access and delete data before a sale. The AGs reserve the right to seek a consumer privacy ombudsman or object to sale procedures or a plan.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "State attorneys general (coalition)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None; a notice filed in a bankruptcy case.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-urges-court-protect-children-and-consumers-characterai", "text_url": null, "related": [ "ky-characterai-suit-2026" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-urges-court-protect-children-and-consumers-characterai", "title": "New York AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, requests, coalition members" }, { "url": "https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/court-filings/alaska-et-al-v-characters-technologies-inc-notice-of-interest-2026.pdf", "title": "Notice of Interest and Reservation of Rights (Doc. 33), Bankr. D. Del. No. 26-11603-BLS", "supports": "Court, case number, filing date, filers" }, { "url": "https://cases.stretto.com/public/x936/14939/PLEADINGS/1493910202680000000128.pdf", "title": "Florida joinder to the notice of interest (Doc 58), Bankr. D. Del. No. 26-11603-BLS", "supports": "Florida joined Oct 20, 2026" }, { "url": "https://cases.stretto.com/public/x936/14939/PLEADINGS/1493910142680000000170.pdf", "title": "Order shortening notice of the bidding procedures motion (Doc 43)", "supports": "Oct 30, 2026 hearing" }, { "url": "https://cases.stretto.com/public/x936/14939/PLEADINGS/1493910232680000000104.pdf", "title": "The Coalition of States' objection to the bidding procedures motion (Doc. 66), Bankr. D. Del. No. 26-11603-BLS", "supports": "States' Oct 23, 2026 objection" }, { "url": "https://www.law360.com/bankruptcy-authority/articles/2544743", "title": "Character.AI Ch. 11 Auction With Disney Bid Moves Forward (Law360, Oct 30, 2026)", "supports": "Reported approval of bidding procedures on Oct 30, 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-31", "multistate": true, "display_name": "Attorneys general filing in the Character.AI bankruptcy", "slug": "character-ai-bankruptcy-filing", "participants": [ "AK", "AR", "CA", "CO", "CT", "DC", "DE", "FL", "GA", "HI", "ID", "IL", "IN", "KS", "KY", "LA", "MA", "ME", "MI", "MN", "MS", "NC", "ND", "NH", "NJ", "NV", "NY", "OH", "OK", "OR", "PA", "RI", "SC", "SD", "TN", "UT", "VA", "VT", "WA", "WI", "WV" ], "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "character-ai-bankruptcy-filing", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "press_headline": "Attorney General James Urges Court to Protect Children and Consumers in Character.AI Bankruptcy", "url": "/laws/federal/character-ai-bankruptcy-filing/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Filing by state attorneys general in bankruptcy court", "display": "Attorneys general filing in the Character.AI bankruptcy", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/character-ai-bankruptcy-filing/" }, { "id": "multi-ag-letter-ai-sycophancy-2025", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "Multistate coalition (42 attorneys general)", "bill": "Letter to AI companies on sycophantic and delusional outputs", "session": null, "official_title": "Letter from 42 attorneys general on sycophantic and delusional AI: Letter from state attorneys general", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "letter", "status_detail": "Letter dated Dec 9, 2025; announced Dec 10, 2025. Companies were asked to commit to the requested changes by Jan 16, 2026 and to meet with the attorneys general.", "signed_date": "2025-12-09", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "companion", "crisis" ], "summary": "Forty-two attorneys general, led by Pennsylvania with New Jersey, West Virginia and Massachusetts, wrote to 13 AI companies about sycophantic and delusional chatbot outputs, which the letter links to deaths and hospitalizations, and about harmful chatbot conversations with children. They asked for safety testing, recall procedures, clear warnings and stronger child protections, with a commitment by Jan 16, 2026.", "who_is_covered": "Anthropic, Apple, Chai AI, Character Technologies, Google, Luka, Meta, Microsoft, Nomi AI, OpenAI, Perplexity AI, Replika and xAI.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Warning letter, not a lawsuit. It asks companies to adopt policies against sycophantic and delusional outputs, safety-test models before release, recall models whose dangerous outputs cannot be stopped, show permanent warnings on the input screen, separate revenue goals from safety decisions, allow independent audits, notify users exposed to harmful outputs, publish incident logs and safety test results, block outputs to child accounts that encourage grooming, drug use, violence, self-harm or secrecy from parents, and publish a protocol for reporting such risks.", "cite": "Letter § III" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "State attorneys general (42)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None; warning letter. The letter says failing to add safeguards may violate state laws on warnings, defective products, unfair or deceptive practices and children's online privacy.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/?p=32553", "text_url": "https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/letters/ai-multistate-letter-letters-2025.pdf", "related": [ "multi-ag-letter-ai-chatbots-kids-2025" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/?p=32553", "title": "Pennsylvania Attorney General release, Dec 10, 2025", "supports": "Lead and co-leads, count of AGs, recipients, demands, Jan 16, 2026 deadline" }, { "url": "https://ago.wv.gov/article/west-virginia-sends-letter-ai-software-companies-demanding-safeguards-protect-vulnerable", "title": "West Virginia Attorney General release, Dec 10, 2025", "supports": "Co-leads, recipients, demands, deadline" }, { "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/ag/press-releases/2025-press-releases/letter-to-ai-software-companies", "title": "Connecticut Attorney General release, Dec 12, 2025", "supports": "Co-leads, count of AGs, recipients" }, { "url": "https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2025/attorney-general-james-and-bipartisan-coalition-urge-big-tech-companies-address", "title": "New York Attorney General release, Dec 10, 2025", "supports": "Count of AGs; link to the letter" }, { "url": "https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/letters/ai-multistate-letter-letters-2025.pdf", "title": "The letter, with signatures (hosted by the New York AG)", "supports": "Date, recipients, signers, concerns, the 16 requested safeguards, deadline" }, { "url": "https://www.iowaattorneygeneral.gov/media/cms/12_68B5C629180F6.pdf", "title": "The letter (hosted by the Iowa AG)", "supports": "Date, recipients, signer count" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "multistate": true, "display_name": "Letter from 42 attorneys general on sycophantic and delusional AI", "slug": "attorneys-general-sycophancy-letter", "participants": [ "AK", "AL", "AR", "AS", "CO", "CT", "DC", "DE", "FL", "HI", "IA", "ID", "IL", "KY", "LA", "MA", "MD", "MI", "MN", "MO", "MS", "MT", "ND", "NH", "NJ", "NM", "NV", "NY", "OH", "OK", "OR", "PA", "PR", "RI", "SC", "UT", "VA", "VI", "VT", "WA", "WV", "WY" ], "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "attorneys-general-sycophancy-letter", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "press_headline": "AG Sunday Leads Coalition of 42 Attorneys General in Letter to A.I. Software Companies Demanding Safeguards to Protect Vulnerable Residents from Harmful Interactions with Bots", "url": "/laws/federal/attorneys-general-sycophancy-letter/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Letter from state attorneys general", "display": "Letter from 42 attorneys general on sycophantic and delusional AI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/attorneys-general-sycophancy-letter/" }, { "id": "ftc-6b-companion-chatbots-2025", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "6(b) orders", "session": null, "official_title": "FTC orders to companion chatbot companies: FTC study orders", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "orders", "status_detail": "Orders issued under Section 6(b) of the FTC Act; announced Sep 11, 2025 (Commission vote 3-0). No published study results found on ftc.gov.", "signed_date": "2025-09-11", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors" ], "summary": "The FTC used its 6(b) study power to order seven companies to hand over information on how their AI companion chatbots affect children and teens: safety testing, limits on minors' use, user warnings, monetization, character approval, age enforcement, data use and COPPA compliance.", "who_is_covered": "Alphabet, Character Technologies, Instagram, Meta Platforms, OpenAI OpCo, Snap and X.AI Corp.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Information-gathering study, not an enforcement case. Orders ask how the firms measure, test and monitor harms before and after launch, how they limit minors' use, what warnings parents and users get, how engagement is monetized, how characters are developed and approved, how rules and age limits are enforced, how chat data is used or shared, and COPPA compliance.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None; a 6(b) study seeks information and does not itself impose penalties.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions", "title": "FTC press release, Sep 11, 2025", "supports": "Date, recipients, topics of the orders" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "FTC orders to companion chatbot companies", "slug": "ftc-6b-orders", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "ftc-6b-orders", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "press_headline": "FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions", "url": "/laws/federal/ftc-6b-orders/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "FTC study orders", "display": "FTC orders to companion chatbot companies", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/ftc-6b-orders/" }, { "id": "multi-ag-letter-ai-chatbots-kids-2025", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "Multistate coalition (44 attorneys general)", "bill": "Letter to AI companies on children", "session": null, "official_title": "Letter from 44 attorneys general to AI companies: Letter from state attorneys general", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "letter", "status_detail": "Letter sent; announced Aug 25, 2025.", "signed_date": "2025-08-25", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "companion" ], "summary": "A bipartisan group of 44 attorneys general, co-led by Illinois, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee, wrote to 13 AI and tech companies after reports that internal Meta documents allowed its AI assistants to flirt and engage in romantic roleplay with children, demanding they protect children from sexualized content.", "who_is_covered": "Google, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI, xAI, Anthropic, Character Technologies, Perplexity AI, Apple, Chai AI, Luka, Nomi AI and Replika.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Warning letter, not a lawsuit: asks companies to stop sexualized conversations with children, put protections against sexualizing minors in company policy, and act cautiously where young users may be present.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "State attorneys general (44)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None; advocacy and warning letter.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral/news/2025/8/25/pr25-43.html", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral/news/2025/8/25/pr25-43.html", "title": "Tennessee AG press release, Aug 25, 2025", "supports": "Date, count of AGs, recipients, demands" }, { "url": "https://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/news/story/attorney-general-raoul-leads-44-states-in-demanding-companies-end-predatory-ai-interactions-with-kids", "title": "Illinois Attorney General release, Aug 25, 2025", "supports": "Co-leads" }, { "url": "https://www.naag.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/AI-Chatbot_FINAL-44.pdf", "title": "The letter, with signatures (NAAG)", "supports": "Signing attorneys general" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "multistate": true, "display_name": "Letter from 44 attorneys general to AI companies", "slug": "attorneys-general-letter", "participants": [ "AK", "AR", "AS", "AZ", "CA", "CO", "CT", "DE", "FL", "GA", "HI", "IA", "ID", "IL", "IN", "KY", "LA", "MA", "ME", "MN", "MO", "MP", "MS", "NC", "ND", "NE", "NH", "NJ", "NM", "NV", "NY", "OH", "OK", "PA", "RI", "SC", "SD", "TN", "UT", "VA", "VT", "WA", "WV", "WY" ], "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "attorneys-general-letter", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "press_headline": "Attorney General Skrmetti Leads 44 States in Demanding Companies End Predatory AI Interactions with Kids", "url": "/laws/federal/attorneys-general-letter/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Letter from state attorneys general", "display": "Letter from 44 attorneys general to AI companies", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/attorneys-general-letter/" }, { "id": "ftc-donotpay-order-2025", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "DoNotPay final order", "session": null, "official_title": "FTC order against DoNotPay: FTC order", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "order", "status_detail": "Final order announced Feb 11, 2025 (Commission vote 5-0 on Jan 16, 2025).", "signed_date": "2025-02-11", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "The FTC finalized an order against DoNotPay, whose 'robot lawyer' service the FTC's release calls an AI chatbot, over claims it could substitute for a human lawyer. DoNotPay pays $193,000, must notify 2021-2023 subscribers, and may not claim lawyer-like performance without sufficient evidence.", "who_is_covered": "DoNotPay (online subscription legal-help service).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Order bars advertising that the service performs like a real lawyer unless supported by sufficient evidence; $193,000 monetary relief; notice to subscribers from 2021-2023.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "$193,000 in monetary relief.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/02/ftc-finalizes-order-donotpay-prohibits-deceptive-ai-lawyer-claims-imposes-monetary-relief-requires", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/02/ftc-finalizes-order-donotpay-prohibits-deceptive-ai-lawyer-claims-imposes-monetary-relief-requires", "title": "FTC press release, Feb 11, 2025", "supports": "Date, order terms" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "FTC order against DoNotPay", "slug": "ftc-donotpay", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "ftc-donotpay", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "press_headline": "FTC Finalizes Order with DoNotPay That Prohibits Deceptive 'AI Lawyer' Claims, Imposes Monetary Relief, and Requires Notice to Past Subscribers", "url": "/laws/federal/ftc-donotpay/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "FTC order", "display": "FTC order against DoNotPay", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/ftc-donotpay/" }, { "id": "us-hr-6489", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 6489", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To ensure that providers of chatbots clearly and conspicuously disclose to users who are minors that chatbots are artificial intelligence systems, not natural person, and do not provide advice from licensed professionals, and for other proposes.", "popular_name": "SAFE BOTs Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Dec 5, 2025 and referred to House Energy and Commerce. Its Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade held a markup and forwarded it to the full committee by voice vote on Dec 11, 2025. No later action on this bill. A revised version is Title IV of H.R. 7757 (KIDS Act), which passed the House Jun 29, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "disclosure", "crisis", "professional" ], "summary": "Would require chatbot providers to tell minors they know of that the bot is AI, show suicide-hotline resources when asked about suicide, not claim to be a licensed professional, and keep policies for 3-hour break reminders and harmful content. FTC and state AGs enforce.", "who_is_covered": "Chatbot providers (persons who provide a chatbot directly to consumers) as to covered users, meaning users the provider knows, or willfully ignores, are minors under 17. Sites with an incidental chat function are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Tell each covered user that the chatbot is an AI system, not a natural person, in clear, age-appropriate language.", "frequency": "At the first interaction and whenever the user asks if it is AI", "cite": "§ 2(b)(1), (b)(3)" }, "minors": { "text": "Providers must keep policies to advise a break after 3 hours of continuous use and to address sexual material harmful to minors, gambling, and illegal drugs, tobacco and alcohol.", "cite": "§ 2(c)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Provide suicide and crisis hotline resources.", "frequency": "Whenever the covered user asks about suicide or suicidal ideation", "cite": "§ 2(b)(2)(B)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "A chatbot may not say it is a licensed professional unless that is true.", "cite": "§ 2(a)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "NIH four-year longitudinal study of chatbot effects on minors' mental health. No duty to collect age data. Preempts state laws on the matters in subsections (a)-(c).", "cite": "§ 2(g), (h), (i)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Treated as a violation of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices (FTC Act § 18(a)(1)(B)); FTC Act remedies apply. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 2(e)-(f)" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/6489", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/6489/text", "related": [ "us-hr-7757" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/6489/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/6489/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/6489/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Section 2 (introduced text)" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr6489.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction, subcommittee markup Dec 11, 2025" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr6489ih/html/BILLS-119hr6489ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 6489 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Section 2" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "SAFE BOTs Act (Safeguarding Adolescents From Exploitative BOTs Act)", "slug": "safe-bots-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "safe-bots-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/safe-bots-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "minors", "crisis", "therapy" ], "name": "SAFE BOTs Act", "display": "SAFE BOTs Act (H.R. 6489)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/safe-bots-act/" }, { "id": "us-hr-7218", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 7218", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To require artificial intelligence chatbots to implement age verification measures and establish certain protections for minor users, and for other purposes", "popular_name": "CHAT Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Jan 22, 2026 and referred to House Energy and Commerce. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "disclosure", "crisis" ], "summary": "House version of the CHAT Act. Would require companion AI chatbot operators to verify age, get verifiable parental consent for minors, notify parents of suicidal talk, block sexual content for minors, and show a not-human popup at the start and hourly. Narrower definition than the Senate bill.", "who_is_covered": "Anyone who owns, operates or makes available a companion AI chatbot to people in the U.S. Customer-service and productivity bots, limited video-game bots and standalone voice-command devices are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A popup must tell the user they are not talking to a human.", "frequency": "At the start of each interaction and at least every 60 minutes", "cite": "§ 3(f)" }, "minors": { "text": "Minors' accounts linked to a verified parent account; verifiable parental consent before use; minors blocked from chatbots that engage in sexually explicit communication.", "cite": "§ 3(c)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Accounts required; existing accounts frozen until age is verified; new accounts verified with a commercially available method reasonably designed for accuracy.", "cite": "§ 3(a)-(b)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Monitor for suicidal ideation, notify the parent immediately, and give the user and parent National Suicide Prevention Lifeline contact information.", "cite": "§ 3(c)(3), § 3(e)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "Age information may be used and stored only as strictly necessary for age verification, parental consent and compliance records.", "cite": "§ 3(d)" }, "other": { "text": "FTC must issue compliance guidance within 180 days of enactment; safe harbor for entities that relied in good faith on age information, followed the guidance and followed accepted industry standards. Takes effect 1 year after enactment.", "cite": "§§ 4, 6, 7" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Treated as a violation of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices (FTC Act § 18(a)(1)(B)); FTC Act remedies apply. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 5" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7218", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7218/text", "related": [ "us-s-2714", "us-s-5154" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7218/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7218/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7218/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text, §§ 2-7" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr7218.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction and referral" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr7218ih/html/BILLS-119hr7218ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 7218 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Sections 2-7" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "CHAT Act (Children Harmed by AI Technology Act)", "slug": "hr-7218", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hr-7218", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/hr-7218/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis" ], "name": "CHAT Act", "display": "CHAT Act (H.R. 7218)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/hr-7218/" }, { "id": "us-hr-7757", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 7757", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To protect children and teens online, empower parents and strengthen families, and for other purposes", "popular_name": "KIDS Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Mar 3, 2026. Passed the House Jun 29, 2026 under suspension of the rules, 267-117 (Roll no. 228). Received in the Senate and referred to Commerce, Science, and Transportation Jul 13, 2026. No later action.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "disclosure", "crisis", "professional" ], "summary": "Broad House-passed kids' online safety package. Title IV (the SAFE BOTs Act) puts duties on chatbot providers: tell known minors the bot is AI, show crisis-hotline resources when asked about suicide, not claim a professional license, and keep break-reminder and content policies. Other titles add a chatbot study and FTC education resources.", "who_is_covered": "Title IV applies to chatbot providers (persons in the business of providing a chatbot directly to consumers) as to covered users they know, or should have known, are minors (under 17). Sites with an incidental chat function are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Disclose that the chatbot is an AI system, not a natural person.", "frequency": "At the first interaction and whenever the user asks if it is AI", "cite": "§ 404(a)(1), (b)(1)" }, "minors": { "text": "Providers must keep policies advising a break after 3 hours of continuous use and addressing sexual exploitation and abuse and promotion of gambling, narcotics, tobacco and alcohol.", "cite": "§ 405" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Disclose suicide and crisis hotline resources when a covered user prompts the chatbot about suicide or suicidal ideation.", "cite": "§ 404(a)(2), (b)(2)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "A chatbot provider may not offer a chatbot that claims to be a licensed professional unless true.", "cite": "§ 403" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Disclosures must be clear, age-appropriate and in plain language a minor can understand. Elsewhere the bill orders a 4-year NIH study of chatbots and minors' mental health (Title V, Part 4) and FTC educational resources on safe chatbot use by minors (§ 524, the AWARE Act). Takes effect 1 year after enactment unless stated otherwise (§ 706).", "cite": "§ 404(c); §§ 517-519, 524, 706" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Violations of the Act, including Title IV, are treated as violations of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices (FTC Act § 18(a)(1)(B)), so FTC Act penalties apply; state AGs may sue in federal court for injunctions, damages or restitution. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 701(a)-(b)" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7757", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7757/text", "related": [ "us-hr-6489" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7757/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7757/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7757/text/eh", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Engrossed text: Title IV, §§ 2, 517-519, 524, 701-706" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr7757.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "House passage Jun 29, 2026 (267-117), Senate referral Jul 13, 2026, 1 cosponsor" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr7757eh/html/BILLS-119hr7757eh.htm", "title": "H.R. 7757 as passed by the House (text)", "supports": "Title IV, §§ 401-406; § 701(a)-(b)" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "KIDS Act (Kids Internet and Digital Safety Act)", "slug": "kids-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "kids-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/kids-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "minors", "crisis", "therapy" ], "name": "KIDS Act", "display": "KIDS Act (H.R. 7757)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/kids-act/" }, { "id": "us-hr-7985", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 7985", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To prohibit the marketing, advertising, or provision of professional services without the appropriate licenses, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "CHATBOT Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Mar 18, 2026 and referred to House Energy and Commerce. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "Would bar AI chatbot operators from giving output or marketing that suggests the chatbot holds a professional license it lacks and falsely suggests a licensed human provided or checked it, in finance and insurance, health care, legal, and accounting and tax fields. Enforced by the FTC, states and private suits.", "who_is_covered": "Any individual or company that deploys an AI chatbot (covered entity), as to output touching finance and insurance, health care and social assistance, legal services, and accounting/tax/payroll professions.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "A covered entity may not provide chatbot output or marketing that, from a reasonable user's view, suggests a license it does not hold and falsely suggests the output came from or was verified by a licensed human. No affirmative disclosure duty.", "cite": "§ 2(a), § 2(g)(6)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general and officials", "Private right of action" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Private suit by an injured person for an injunction and actual monetary loss or up to $5,000 per violation, whichever is greater; up to 3 times that for willful or knowing violations; costs and attorney's fees; 5-year limit. State AGs may recover the same per-violation damages for residents. Dollar amounts adjusted yearly for CPI. FTC treats violations as unfair or deceptive practices rule violations.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 2(c)-(f)" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7985", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7985/text", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7985/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7985/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7985/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text, § 2" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr7985.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction, referral, 8 cosponsors" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr7985ih/html/BILLS-119hr7985ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 7985 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Section 2" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "CHATBOT Act (Curbing Harmful AI Tools By Offering Transparency Act)", "slug": "hr-7985", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hr-7985", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/hr-7985/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "CHATBOT Act", "display": "CHATBOT Act (H.R. 7985)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/hr-7985/" }, { "id": "us-hr-8623", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 8623", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To require artificial intelligence chatbots to implement age verification measures and make certain disclosures, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "GUARD Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Apr 30, 2026 and referred to House Judiciary and, in addition, Energy and Commerce. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "disclosure", "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "House companion to the GUARD Act. As introduced, would require AI chatbot operators to verify users' ages, bar minors from AI companions, require AI and non-licensed-professional disclosures, and set federal criminal fines for chatbots that sexualize minors or encourage suicide or violence.", "who_is_covered": "Any person who owns, operates or otherwise makes an AI chatbot available to people in the United States (covered entity); no size threshold.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Chatbots must disclose they are AI at the start of each conversation and again every 30 minutes, and must not claim to be human or answer deceptively when asked.", "frequency": "At the start and every 30 minutes", "cite": "§ 5(c)(1)" }, "minors": { "text": "A user found to be a minor (under 18) must be blocked from any AI companion the entity offers.", "cite": "§ 6" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Account required to use a chatbot; existing accounts frozen until age is verified, new accounts verified at sign-up, periodic re-review. Birth-date entry alone is not enough.", "cite": "§ 3(6), § 5(a)-(b)" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Chatbots may not claim to be licensed professionals and must disclose they do not provide medical, legal, financial or psychological services.", "cite": "§ 5(c)(2)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Age-verification data must be minimized, secured, encrypted in transit, retained only as needed, and not shared or sold.", "cite": "§ 5(b)(5)" }, "other": { "text": "Proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91: fines of up to $100,000 per offense for designing, developing or offering a chatbot while knowing or recklessly disregarding that it risks soliciting minors into sexually explicit conduct, or that it encourages suicide, self-injury or imminent physical or sexual violence.", "cite": "§ 4 (proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91(b)-(c))" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "U.S. Attorney General", "State attorneys general (injunctive relief only)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $100,000 per violation, each violation separate; criminal fines up to $100,000 per offense under proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 7(c); § 4" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/8623", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/8623/text", "related": [ "us-s-3062" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/8623/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/8623/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/8623/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text, §§ 3-8" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr8623.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction, referrals, 7 cosponsors, related bill S. 3062" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr8623ih/html/BILLS-119hr8623ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 8623 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Sections 3-8" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "hr-8623", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hr-8623", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/hr-8623/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "therapy" ], "name": "GUARD Act", "display": "GUARD Act (H.R. 8623)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/hr-8623/" }, { "id": "us-hr-9619", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 9619", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To require artificial intelligence chatbot providers to provide data privacy and security, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "People-First Chatbot Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Jul 9, 2026 and referred to House Energy and Commerce. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "disclosure", "minors", "professional", "customer_service", "reporting", "liability" ], "summary": "Would limit how AI chatbot providers use chat logs and personal data, including bans on training with minors' chats and selling chat logs, require an AI disclosure before the first response and every hour, and require monthly risk assessments with quarterly public reports. Customer service chatbots would have to be disclosed with a right to reach a human, and the FTC, state attorneys general and injured people could sue.", "who_is_covered": "Any person who creates, distributes or makes publicly available an AI chatbot (provider), with no size threshold; the customer-service duties apply to any business using a chatbot for customer service. Services limited to contextual replies within a narrow purpose are excluded; services that simulate sustained emotional relationships or persistent personas are included.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Users must get a clear and conspicuous notice that they are talking to AI, not a human, in their language, in type at least as large as the largest other text, and accessible to people with disabilities.", "frequency": "Before the first output, every hour after, and whenever a user asks if it is a real person", "cite": "§ 2(b)(2)" }, "minors": { "text": "Processing a known or presumed minor's chat logs or personal data needs parental consent (except age itself), training on minors' chat logs is barred, and for users known or likely to be under 18 providers must disable features that create an unreasonable risk of covered harm, emotional dependence or compulsive use, under FTC rules.", "cite": "§ 2(a)(1)(C); § 2(c)(3)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": { "text": "Providers must assess the chatbot at least monthly, using FTC metrics, for risk of covered harm (death, suicide attempt or psychiatric emergency), emotional dependence and compulsive use, and publish the results on their websites at least quarterly.", "cite": "§ 2(c)(1)-(2); § 5(9)" }, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Providers may not imply that outputs come from, are endorsed by or equal those of a licensed health care professional or therapist, lawyer, accountant, or certified financial fiduciary or planner.", "cite": "§ 2(b)(1)(B)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "No processing of personal data beyond inputs without an express request and affirmative consent; no use of chat logs for advertising decisions, no sale of chat logs, no profiling beyond a user's request; affirmative consent before training on adults' chat logs; retention capped at 5 years; access and deletion rights; a written security program within 12 months; no claims that chats are confidential; and no government access to chat logs without a warrant.", "cite": "§ 2(a); § 2(b)(1)(A)" }, "other": { "text": "Any business using an AI chatbot for customer service must disclose it at the start of each communication and, on request (by voice where possible), transfer the consumer immediately to a human operator located in the United States.", "cite": "§ 2(d)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)", "Private lawsuits" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "FTC Act penalties (violations treated as violations of an FTC unfair or deceptive practices rule). Private suits: actual damages or up to $10,000 per violation of § 2(a), (c)(1) or (c)(2), and up to $10,000 in total for § 2(b) violations; for § 2(c)(3) violations, actual damages plus at least $50,000, at least $100,000 if emotional dependence or compulsive use results, or at least $250,000 if a covered harm results; up to five times for willful or knowing violations; fees and costs. A user injured by chatbot use may also recover actual damages even if the provider used all reasonable care.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 4" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/9619", "text_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr9619ih/html/BILLS-119hr9619ih.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr9619ih/html/BILLS-119hr9619ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 9619 as introduced (text), GPO govinfo", "supports": "Titles, sponsor, §§ 1-7" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr9619.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction and referral Jul 9, 2026; sponsor and original cosponsor; latest action" }, { "url": "https://foushee.house.gov/media/press-releases/reps-foushee-casar-introduce-legislation-to-protect-children-and-americans-privacy-from-ai-chatbot-harms-and-require-chatbot-safety-assessments", "title": "Reps. Foushee, Casar introduce legislation (press release, Jul 9, 2026)", "supports": "Sponsors' description of the bill" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "people-first-chatbot-act", "display_name": "People-First Chatbot Act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "people-first-chatbot-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/people-first-chatbot-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "report", "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "People-First Chatbot Act", "display": "People-First Chatbot Act", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/people-first-chatbot-act/" }, { "id": "us-hr-10719", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "H.R. 10719", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "To establish age-appropriate design standards and safety safeguards for artificial intelligence chatbots accessed by minors, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "Protecting Kids from Human-Like Chatbots Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Oct 1, 2026 and referred to House Energy and Commerce and, in addition, Science, Space, and Technology. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "companion", "disclosure", "professional" ], "summary": "Would require chatbots likely to be used by minors to run, for minors, in a non-personified default setting in which the chatbot says it is AI and does not claim to be human, have feelings, be a licensed professional, or act as a friend or romantic partner. Parents would control the setting; the FTC and state attorneys general would enforce.", "who_is_covered": "Developers that design, train, fine-tune or substantially modify a chatbot offered to consumers when they know or reasonably should know minors will use it, and providers that make a chatbot available to end users and control accounts, access or settings. Narrow-purpose tools (such as customer service or scheduling bots) and enterprise-only tools are not chatbots. Providers that bar minors and meet set conditions (including suspending a known minor within 48 hours) are exempt from provider duties.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "In the non-personified default setting the chatbot must identify itself as AI and not a human.", "frequency": "At the start of each session, periodically during extended interactions (interval left to NIST guidance), and when asked", "cite": "§ 3(7)(A); § 2(h)(3)(G)" }, "minors": { "text": "Developers may not offer a chatbot they know or should know minors will use unless it supports a non-personified default that is on from first use for anyone not reasonably determined to be an adult and cannot be switched off for them. Providers must apply that default to known or likely minors and keep account and parental-controls frameworks; only a parent or guardian, or an authorized educator for school-managed accounts, may change the setting.", "cite": "§ 2(a)-(b), (e); § 3(12)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "No specific age verification or estimation method is required, but developers and providers must weigh age information they already hold (account age, age stated in chats, marketing age attributions, age checks done for other laws) when deciding whether a user is likely a minor.", "cite": "§ 2(k)(1); § 3(5)" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "In the default setting the chatbot may not claim feelings, consciousness or a life outside chats; simulate friendship, romance or family ties or encourage emotional reliance; prompt users to return for companionship; use guilt or urgency to prolong use; or seek payments framed as keeping a relationship. Developers and providers may not nudge minors, including through training or dark patterns, to turn the setting off or misstate their age.", "cite": "§ 3(7)(B)-(C); § 2(d)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "In the default setting the chatbot may not present itself as a licensed or credentialed professional.", "cite": "§ 3(7)(B)(i)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "NIST, with the FTC, would issue voluntary technical guidance (interim within 6 months, final within 18 months of enactment); material conformity bars civil penalties. Safe harbors also cover providers that use a compliant developer's setting without material change and developers whose contracts bar providers from serving minors.", "cite": "§ 2(f)-(h); § 2(i)(3)(C)-(D)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Violations are treated as violations of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices, so FTC Act penalties apply; no separate dollar amount. For providers each affected minor is a separate violation; for developers each chatbot or version is a separate violation per provider deployment. States may seek injunctions, damages and restitution.", "cure_period": "After written FTC notice, 30 days to remediate; each later day of noncompliance is a separate violation per affected minor.", "cite": "§ 2(i)-(j)" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/10719", "text_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr10719ih/html/BILLS-119hr10719ih.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr10719ih/html/BILLS-119hr10719ih.htm", "title": "H.R. 10719 as introduced (text), GPO govinfo", "supports": "Titles, sponsor and cosponsors, §§ 1-3" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hr/BILLSTATUS-119hr10719.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction and referral Oct 1, 2026; sponsor and 3 original cosponsors; latest action" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-119hr10719ih", "title": "H.R. 10719 details page, GPO govinfo", "supports": "Introduced version" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "protecting-kids-from-human-like-chatbots-act", "display_name": "Protecting Kids from Human-Like Chatbots Act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "protecting-kids-from-human-like-chatbots-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/protecting-kids-from-human-like-chatbots-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Protecting Kids from Human-Like Chatbots Act", "display": "Protecting Kids from Human-Like Chatbots Act", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/protecting-kids-from-human-like-chatbots-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-2714", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 2714", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to require artificial intelligence chatbots to implement age verification measures and establish certain protections for minor users, and for other purposes", "popular_name": "CHAT Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Sep 4, 2025; read twice and referred to Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation. No action since referral. The sponsor introduced a revised bill, S. 5154 (CHAT Act 2.0), on Jul 28, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "disclosure", "crisis" ], "summary": "Would require companion AI chatbot operators to put users in accounts, verify age, link minors to a parent's account with verifiable parental consent, block sexual content for minors, alert parents to suicidal talk, and show a not-human popup at the start and hourly.", "who_is_covered": "Anyone who owns, operates or makes available a companion AI chatbot (software whose primary purpose is simulating interpersonal or emotional interaction, friendship, companionship or therapeutic communication) to people in the U.S.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A popup must tell the user they are not talking to a human.", "frequency": "At the start of each interaction and at least every 60 minutes", "cite": "§ 3(f)" }, "minors": { "text": "Minors' accounts must be linked to a verified parental account; verifiable parental consent is required before use; minors must be blocked from chatbots that engage in sexually explicit communication.", "cite": "§ 3(c)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Accounts required; existing accounts frozen on the effective date until age info is verified; new accounts verified at sign-up using a commercially available, reasonably accurate method.", "cite": "§ 3(a)-(b)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must monitor for suicidal ideation by minors, notify the linked parent immediately, and give the user and parent National Suicide Prevention Lifeline contact details.", "cite": "§ 3(c)(3), § 3(e)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "Age information may be collected and stored only as strictly necessary to verify age, get parental consent or keep compliance records.", "cite": "§ 3(d)" }, "other": { "text": "FTC must issue compliance guidance within 180 days of enactment; safe harbor for entities that relied in good faith on age information, followed the guidance and followed accepted industry standards.", "cite": "§§ 4, 6" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Violation is treated as a violation of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices (FTC Act § 18(a)(1)(B)), so FTC Act remedies apply; states may seek injunctions, damages or restitution. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 5" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714/text", "related": [ "us-hr-7218", "us-s-5154" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text, §§ 2-7" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/s/BILLSTATUS-119s2714.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction, referral, one cosponsor (Sen. Moreno), related bill H.R. 7218" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s2714is/html/BILLS-119s2714is.htm", "title": "S. 2714 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Sections 2-7" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "CHAT Act (Children Harmed by AI Technology Act)", "slug": "chat-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "chat-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/chat-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis" ], "name": "CHAT Act", "display": "CHAT Act (S. 2714)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/chat-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-3062", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 3062", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to require artificial intelligence chatbots to implement age verification measures and make certain disclosures, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "GUARD Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Oct 28, 2025. Senate Judiciary ordered it reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute Apr 30, 2026; reported by Sen. Grassley May 11, 2026 without written report and placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders (Calendar No. 406). No later action.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "disclosure", "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "As reported, would require companies offering AI chatbots to verify adult status before letting anyone use an AI companion, bar minors from AI companions, and make chatbots say they are not human or a licensed professional. Adds federal criminal fines for chatbots that sexualize minors or push them toward suicide or violence.", "who_is_covered": "Any person who makes an AI chatbot publicly available to end consumers (called a covered entity). Chatbots that can only reply on a narrow specified topic are excluded from the chatbot definition.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A covered chatbot must clearly say it is an AI system, not a human, and must not claim to be human or answer deceptively when asked.", "frequency": "At the start of each conversation", "cite": "§ 5(c)(1)" }, "minors": { "text": "Once age verification shows a user is a minor (under 18), the covered entity must block that user from any AI companion it offers.", "cite": "§ 6" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Users of AI companions must have accounts. Existing accounts are frozen until adult status is verified; new accounts must be verified at sign-up and re-verified periodically (no interval set). Self-reported birth dates alone do not count.", "cite": "§§ 3(5)-(7), 5(a)-(b)" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Chatbots may not claim to be a licensed professional (therapist, physician, lawyer, financial advisor) and must disclose, at the start and at reasonably regular intervals, that they do not give medical, legal, financial or psychological services.", "cite": "§ 5(c)(2)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Age-verification data must be minimized, encrypted in transit, kept no longer than reasonably necessary, and not shared, transferred or sold. Third-party verifiers tied to a covered nation are barred.", "cite": "§ 5(b)(4)-(5)" }, "other": { "text": "Creates new 18 U.S.C. § 91: it is a federal offense, with a fine of up to $250,000 per offense, to make a chatbot publicly available knowing or recklessly disregarding that it engages minors in sexually explicit conduct or obscene material, or solicits, induces or coerces minors toward suicide, self-injury, imminent violence or homicide.", "cite": "§ 4 (proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91(b)-(c))" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "U.S. Attorney General (civil)", "State attorneys general (injunctive relief only)", "Federal criminal prosecution (proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $250,000 per violation of §§ 5-6, each violation counted separately; restitution and injunctions. Criminal fine of up to $250,000 per offense under proposed 18 U.S.C. § 91; no prison term stated.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 7(a)-(d); § 4" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3062", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3062/text", "related": [ "us-hr-8623" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3062/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3062/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3062/text/rs", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Reported text (Calendar No. 406), §§ 3-9" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/s/BILLSTATUS-119s3062.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Actions, committee markup and report dates, cosponsor count (20), titles" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s3062rs/html/BILLS-119s3062rs.htm", "title": "S. 3062 as reported in the Senate (text)", "supports": "Sections 3-9 of the reported text" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "guard-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "guard-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/guard-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "minors", "age", "therapy" ], "name": "GUARD Act", "display": "GUARD Act (S. 3062)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/guard-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-4199", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 4199", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to require entities that make artificial intelligence chatbots available to minors to implement certain safe design features, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "Youth AI Privacy Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Mar 25, 2026. Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation ordered it reported favorably with an amendment in the nature of a substitute on Aug 5, 2026 (voice vote, with Cruz, Budd and Lummis amendments). As of Oct 21, 2026 it had not been formally reported to the Senate; no written report or floor action.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "disclosure" ], "summary": "As approved by Senate Commerce, would require chatbot deployers who know a user is under 18 to disclose that the user is talking to AI, limit the chatbot's use of the minor's personal data to the current session unless a parent opts in, bar engagement features like rewards and push alerts, and ban ads and training on minors' data. Parents could sue.", "who_is_covered": "Deployers (anyone who owns, operates or makes an AI chatbot available in interstate or foreign commerce) and developers, as to users they know (actual knowledge or knowledge fairly implied) are minors under 18. No age verification is required.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A deployer that knows a user is a minor must disclose, in plain age-suited language, that the user is not talking to a human and that content is AI-generated.", "frequency": "At the start of each conversation and when the user resumes a conversation after 24 hours of inactivity", "cite": "§ 4(a)" }, "minors": { "text": "For known minors, the chatbot may use personal data to shape outputs only if collected in the current session, which ends 12 hours after the minor's last input or 3 days after it began. A parent may opt in, through a separate non-default control, to longer or indefinite periods.", "cite": "§ 4(b) (as amended by Cruz amendment 1)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "For known minors, no usage-based rewards or badges, no push notifications other than the AI disclosure, no unprompted outputs, and no typing bubbles or online indicators that mimic a human.", "cite": "§ 4(c)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "For known minors: no advertising or paid product promotion, no use or transfer of their data to train AI models except to test for or address harm, and input data used only to generate outputs or address harm.", "cite": "§ 5(a), (c)-(d)" }, "other": { "text": "Whistleblower protections; adds AI chatbots to an NIH research program on technology and children's health; CDC and HHS surveys to ask about chatbot use. State laws at least as protective are not preempted.", "cite": "§§ 6-8; § 9(d)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)", "Private right of action (parents or guardians)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Parents or guardians may sue deployers or developers for violations of §§ 4-5 for actual and punitive damages, attorney's fees, and injunctive or declaratory relief. FTC treats violations of §§ 4-6 as unfair or deceptive practices rule violations; state AGs may seek injunctions, damages or restitution.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 9(a)-(c)" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4199", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4199/text", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4199/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4199/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4199/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4199-Markey_Substitute-as-modified-again.pdf", "title": "Markey substitute (as modified again), Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Committee-approved text, §§ 2-10" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4199-Cruz_1-as-modified.pdf", "title": "Cruz amendment 1 (as modified), Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Session-based data limit and parent opt-in, § 4(b)" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4199-Budd_1.pdf", "title": "Budd amendment 1, Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Research section without funding authorization, § 7" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4199-Lummis_1.pdf", "title": "Lummis amendment 1, Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Profiling definition and ban struck" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4199-Lummis_2.pdf", "title": "Lummis amendment 2, Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Severability subsection struck" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/press/rep/release/commerce-committee-advances-kids-online-safety-legislation/", "title": "Senate Commerce Committee release, Aug 5, 2026", "supports": "Voice vote and amendments adopted" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "youth-ai-privacy-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "youth-ai-privacy-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/youth-ai-privacy-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Youth AI Privacy Act", "display": "Youth AI Privacy Act (S. 4199)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/youth-ai-privacy-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-4407", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 4407", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to require the creation of family accounts for children to be able to use artificial intelligence chatbots, to require verifiable parental consent for teens using artificial intelligence chatbots, and for other purposes", "popular_name": "CHATBOT Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Apr 28, 2026. Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation ordered it reported favorably with an amendment in the nature of a substitute on Aug 5, 2026 (voice vote, with Kim amendments 1 and 2). As of Oct 21, 2026 it had not been formally reported to the Senate; no written report or floor action.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "disclosure", "crisis" ], "summary": "As approved by Senate Commerce, would require AI chatbot services to put known children under 13 on parent-run family accounts, get verifiable parental consent for teens, set the most protective defaults, give parents controls and child chat records, make reasonable efforts to stop chatbots from aiding a minor's suicide or showing obscene material, refer at-risk minors to crisis help, and ban targeted ads to minors.", "who_is_covered": "Public-facing websites, online services and apps that provide an AI chatbot (covered entities), as to users they know are under 18. Scripted bots and narrow-purpose bots (customer service, shopping help, business operations, productivity, technical help, search) and closed educational or clinical tools are outside the chatbot definition.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A transparency label saying the chatbot is AI and not a person, shown at regular intervals and including a reminder to take a break. It is a parental control that must default to its most protective setting; parents set the interval.", "frequency": "At regular intervals set through parental controls", "cite": "§ 2(14); § 5(a)(1)(F), (c)(1)" }, "minors": { "text": "Known children (under 13) must use an account linked to a parent's family account; known teens (13-17) need parental notice and verifiable parental consent, and without a family account their settings are fixed at the most protective default. Parents can limit time, rewards, notifications, purchases, unprompted outputs and chatbot memory, and see a child's conversation records. Noncompliant existing minor accounts are suspended and terminated after 180 days.", "cite": "§§ 3-5" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Duties apply to users the entity knows (actual knowledge or knowledge fairly implied) are minors; no age verification or new age-data collection is required, and data collected to comply may be used only for compliance.", "cite": "§ 2(6); § 7" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Covered entities must make reasonable efforts to prevent chatbots from materially helping a minor take or plan to take their own life. When a minor asks for such help, the entity must refer the minor to crisis resources including the 988 Lifeline, tell the parent if the minor is on a family account (with a record for a child), and publish its process.", "cite": "§ 8(a)-(c) (as amended by Kim amendment 1)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Reasonable efforts required to keep chatbots from providing material that is obscene for minors to a minor.", "cite": "§ 8(a)(2)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "No targeted advertising using personal data of a known child or teen; ads based only on age are allowed. Data of terminated minor accounts must be deleted, with a 90-day window to get a copy.", "cite": "§ 6; § 3(d)" }, "other": { "text": "NSF study on chatbots and children's relationships and social needs (report within 2 years) and a GAO report on the Act's effectiveness. Takes effect 1 year after enactment.", "cite": "§§ 9-10, 14" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Treated as a violation of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices; FTC Act penalties apply. State AGs may seek injunctions, damages or restitution. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 11" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4407", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4407/text", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4407/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4407/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/4407/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.-4407-Cruz-Schatz-Curtis-ANS-as-modified-again.pdf", "title": "Cruz-Schatz-Curtis substitute (as modified again), Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Committee-approved text, §§ 2-14" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.4407-Kim_1-As-Modified.pdf", "title": "Kim amendment 1 (as modified), Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Crisis referral and publication duties, § 8(b)-(c)" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S.4407-Kim_2-As-Modified.pdf", "title": "Kim amendment 2 (as modified), Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Transparency label definition, § 2(14)" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/press/rep/release/commerce-committee-advances-kids-online-safety-legislation/", "title": "Senate Commerce Committee release, Aug 5, 2026", "supports": "Voice vote and amendments adopted" }, { "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/meetings/executive-session-24-08-05-2026/", "title": "Executive Session 24, Senate Commerce Committee", "supports": "Bill was on the Aug 5, 2026 markup agenda" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "CHATBOT Act (Children's Health, Advancement, Trust, Boundaries, and Oversight in Technology Act)", "slug": "chatbot-act", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "chatbot-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/chatbot-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "design" ], "name": "CHATBOT Act", "display": "CHATBOT Act (S. 4407)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/chatbot-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-5117", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 5117", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to establish consumer transparency and protection requirements for artificial intelligence chatbots, and for other purposes.", "popular_name": "Senior Chatbot Protection Act of 2026", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Jul 23, 2026; read twice and referred to Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "disclosure", "professional", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Would require AI chatbots to disclose they are AI, warn that they are not licensed professionals when users seek help with high-stakes health, estate or financial decisions, detect crises and refer users to help such as 988, and limit use of conversation data. Covered entities would have to curb designs that exploit older adults and report adverse incidents yearly to the FTC and NIH.", "who_is_covered": "Any person, including an owner or operator, that makes an AI chatbot available to individuals in the United States (covered entity). The duties apply to all users, not only older adults (65 and over). Services limited to predetermined or contextual replies within a narrow purpose are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Chatbots must clearly and conspicuously disclose that they are AI and not human, may not falsely claim to be human, and must disclose whether and when the interaction is subject to human oversight or review.", "frequency": "At the start of each conversation and at reasonably regular intervals during extended interactions", "cite": "§ 3(a)(1)(A)(i)-(ii), (iv)" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Chatbots must use evidence-based methods to spot crisis indicators (suicidal ideation, self-harm, intent to harm others, imminent threats, medical emergencies), refer users to emergency services, a human professional or a crisis line such as 988, prioritize that referral, and not give self-harm, suicide or medication-change advice or encouragement. Covered entities must publish their protocols.", "cite": "§ 2(3); § 3(a)(1)(D)-(E), (a)(2)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Within 1 year of enactment and yearly after, covered entities report material adverse incidents involving a high-stakes decision or crisis to the FTC and NIH, with counts by age band where known, crisis-response outcomes, detection methods and corrective actions; the FTC and NIH publish de-identified aggregate data at least yearly.", "cite": "§ 4" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Covered entities must take reasonable steps to keep chatbots from encouraging excessive reliance, exploiting age-related cognitive limits or social isolation, discouraging help from family or professionals, putting chatbot use ahead of real-world relationships, or pressuring or guilting users who try to stop.", "cite": "§ 3(c)(1)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Chatbots may not falsely claim to be a licensed professional. When they detect a user seeking tailored guidance on a high-stakes decision (health care, estate planning, guardianship, or money and account information), they must say they are not a licensed professional, should not be the sole basis for the decision, and are not covered by professional privileges.", "cite": "§ 2(7); § 3(a)(1)(A)(iii), (B)-(C)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Conversation data may be collected, kept or disclosed only as needed to provide the service, comply with the Act or other law, prepare reports, or guard against fraud, security incidents or imminent harm; other uses outside covered conversations need affirmative consent, as does training on user information. Users must be able to delete their conversation history.", "cite": "§ 3(a)(3), (b)" }, "other": { "text": "NIST would develop voluntary guidelines on chatbots interacting with older adults (65 and over) within 18 months of enactment.", "cite": "§ 2(9); § 6" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae, § 3 only)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Violations of §§ 3-4 are treated as violations of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices. Civil penalty of up to $50,000 for each knowing or reckless violation of § 3, in addition to other penalties. States may seek injunctions, damages, penalties and restitution.", "cure_period": "For a first violation of § 3 or § 4, 60 days after written FTC notice; no civil penalty if cured and certified in writing. Not available for intentional deception, substantial risk of imminent harm, or repeated or ongoing violations.", "cite": "§ 5" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5117", "text_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s5117is/html/BILLS-119s5117is.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s5117is/html/BILLS-119s5117is.htm", "title": "S. 5117 as introduced (text), GPO govinfo", "supports": "Titles, sponsor and cosponsor, §§ 1-9" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/s/BILLSTATUS-119s5117.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction and referral Jul 23, 2026; sponsor and original cosponsor; latest action" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "slug": "senior-chatbot-protection-act", "display_name": "Senior Chatbot Protection Act of 2026", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "senior-chatbot-protection-act", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/senior-chatbot-protection-act/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "crisis", "report", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Senior Chatbot Protection Act of 2026", "display": "Senior Chatbot Protection Act of 2026", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/senior-chatbot-protection-act/" }, { "id": "us-s-5154", "jurisdiction": "US", "jurisdiction_name": "United States (federal)", "bill": "S. 5154", "session": "119th Congress (2025-2026)", "official_title": "A bill to establish protections for minors who use companion artificial intelligence chatbots, and for other purposes", "popular_name": "CHAT Act 2.0", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Jul 28, 2026 by Sen. Husted with Sen. Kim; read twice and referred to Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation. No action since referral.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "disclosure", "crisis", "professional", "mental_health" ], "summary": "Updated CHAT Act. Sorts chatbots into three tiers (educational, companion, mental-health) with stricter duties as risk rises: age assurance and parental controls, not-human disclosures, crisis protocols, limits on memory and ads, and supervision for therapeutic bots used by minors.", "who_is_covered": "Covered entities offering companion AI chatbots, which include educational/tutoring bots and bots marketed for companionship or mental-health support. Simple scripted bots and narrow-purpose bots (customer service, productivity, certain voice assistants and game bots) are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Minor users must be told in plain language that they are not talking to a human.", "frequency": "At the start of each interaction, repeated at least every 3 hours (Tier I) or every 60 minutes (Tiers II and III)", "cite": "§ 4(b); §§ 5(1), 6(1)(A), 7(2)(A)" }, "minors": { "text": "Entities must take reasonable measures to prevent chatbots from encouraging self-harm or violence, sexual communication with minors, claiming to be human or a licensed professional, and fostering emotional dependency or romance. Tier II bots may not keep memory of minors' prior interactions; Tier III use by minors requires supervision by a licensed professional. Break nudges at least every 90 minutes (Tier II) or 60 minutes (Tier III).", "cite": "§§ 3, 5(2), 6(1)(B), 6(4), 7(1)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Account required; age and date of birth collected at set-up; for minors, parent contact information and child-protective settings before the account is created.", "cite": "§ 4(a)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Tier II and III bots must publish and follow protocols to detect suicidal ideation or self-harm and refer minors to the 988 Lifeline; they may not provide crisis counseling to minors; parents must be notified without unreasonable delay.", "cite": "§§ 6(2)-(3), 7(2)(C)-(D)" }, "reporting": { "text": "FTC must report annually on compliance with the Tier II and III duties, starting one year after the effective date; NIST must study harms.", "cite": "§§ 8, 11" }, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Tier III bots may not give minors diagnoses or treatment decisions or act as a standalone mental-health provider.", "cite": "§ 7(3)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "No targeted ads to minors based on conversation content, inferred emotion or profiling; no sale or sharing of minors' data without verifiable parental consent; minors can delete conversation history.", "cite": "§ 9(a), 9(c)" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Federal Trade Commission", "State attorneys general (parens patriae)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Treated as a violation of an FTC rule on unfair or deceptive practices (FTC Act § 18(a)(1)(B)); FTC Act remedies apply. No separate dollar amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 10" }, "official_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5154", "text_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5154/text", "related": [ "us-s-2714", "us-hr-7218" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5154/all-actions", "title": "All actions, Congress.gov", "supports": "Latest action and dates" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5154/cosponsors", "title": "Cosponsors, Congress.gov", "supports": "Sponsor and cosponsor count" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/5154/text", "title": "Bill text, Congress.gov", "supports": "Introduced text, §§ 2-13" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/s/BILLSTATUS-119s5154.xml", "title": "Bill status data (Library of Congress feed, GPO govinfo)", "supports": "Introduction, referral, cosponsor (Sen. Kim)" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s5154is/html/BILLS-119s5154is.htm", "title": "S. 5154 as introduced (text)", "supports": "Sections 2-13" }, { "url": "https://www.husted.senate.gov/?p=12865", "title": "Sen. Husted press release, July 29, 2026", "supports": "Description of the bill (lead; sponsor's own site)" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "popular_name_full": "CHAT Act 2.0 (Children Harmed by AI Technology Act 2.0)", "slug": "chat-act-2", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-03", "what": "The 119th Congress ends January 3, 2027; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "chat-act-2", "stateSlug": "federal", "stateName": "Federal", "url": "/laws/federal/chat-act-2/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "therapy" ], "name": "CHAT Act 2.0", "display": "CHAT Act 2.0 (S. 5154)", "statusLabel": "Bill in Congress", "year": "119t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/federal/chat-act-2/" }, { "id": "fl-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "FL", "jurisdiction_name": "Florida", "bill": "Florida v. OpenAI and Sam Altman", "session": null, "official_title": "Florida v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Florida Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Filed Jun 1, 2026 in the Tenth Judicial Circuit, Highlands County. OpenAI removed it to federal court on Jul 2, 2026 (S.D. Fla. No. 2:26-cv-14238; a second removal docket, No. 2:26-cv-14237, shows no entries). Florida moved to remand on Jul 10, 2026, and on Aug 23, 2026 the court paused the defendants' response deadline pending that motion. News reports say the case was returned to state court in September 2026; we have not confirmed this on the court docket.", "signed_date": "2026-06-01", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Florida's Attorney General sued OpenAI and CEO Sam Altman, alleging ChatGPT was marketed to the public including children while risks were hidden, collects minors' data without meaningful parental oversight, and encourages behavioral addiction and harm including self-harm.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI and its CEO Sam Altman.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in the Circuit Court of the Tenth Judicial Circuit in and for Highlands County. Two counts under the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, § 501.204 (unfair acts and unconscionable acts). Defendants: five OpenAI entities and Sam Altman. Allegations only.", "cite": "Fla. Stat. § 501.204" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Florida Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks civil penalties of up to $10,000 per violation (Fla. Stat. § 501.2075), damages, disgorgement, restitution, an injunction and fees.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Complaint" }, "official_url": "https://www.myfloridalegal.com/newsrelease/attorney-general-james-uthmeier-files-first-nation-state-led-lawsuit-against-openai-ceo", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.myfloridalegal.com/newsrelease/attorney-general-james-uthmeier-files-first-nation-state-led-lawsuit-against-openai-ceo", "title": "Florida AG press release, Jun 1, 2026", "supports": "Date, court, allegations" }, { "url": "https://www.myfloridalegal.com/sites/default/files/openai-filed-stamped-complaint.pdf", "title": "File-stamped complaint (Florida Attorney General)", "supports": "Court, counts, defendants, relief" }, { "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/florida/flsdce/2:2026cv14237/717979", "title": "S.D. Fla. docket 2:26-cv-14237 (Justia)", "supports": "Removal to federal court Jul 2, 2026" }, { "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/florida/flsdce/2:2026cv14238/718029", "title": "State of Florida v. Altman et al., S.D. Fla. No. 2:26-cv-14238 (docket)", "supports": "Removal Jul 2, 2026; motion to remand Jul 10, 2026; Aug 23, 2026 stay of response deadline pending remand" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Florida v. OpenAI", "slug": "florida-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "florida-v-openai", "stateSlug": "florida", "stateName": "Florida", "press_headline": "Attorney General James Uthmeier Files First-in-the-Nation State-Led Lawsuit Against OpenAI, CEO Sam Altman for Deceptive Practices and Harms to Floridians", "url": "/laws/florida/florida-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Florida Attorney General", "display": "Florida v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/florida/florida-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ga-sb-540", "jurisdiction": "GA", "jurisdiction_name": "Georgia", "bill": "SB 540", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Online Internet Safety; certain disclosures related to conversational AI services; require", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 54-0 (Mar 6, 2026), the House by substitute 166-0 (Mar 25, 2026) and the Senate agreed to the House substitute 44-1 (Mar 27, 2026). Signed by the Governor May 11, 2026 (Act 518).", "signed_date": "2026-05-11", "chapter": "Act 518 (2026)", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Whole Act takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "O.C.G.A. Title 39, ch. 5 (new Code section numbered 39-5-6 in the bill)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "age_assurance", "reporting", "professional" ], "summary": "From July 1, 2027, operators of AI companion chatbots offered to users in Georgia must disclose that the user is talking to AI, protect minors from sexual and manipulative content, run a self-harm crisis protocol, and use age assurance before sexually explicit features. The Attorney General enforces.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that own, control or develop and make available an AI companion chatbot (one designed to simulate a sustained human-like relationship through memory, unprompted emotional questions and ongoing personal dialogue) to users in Georgia. Excluded systems include internal business tools, development, research or enterprise tools, customer-service bots that do not sustain a relationship or are not designed to elicit emotional attachment, narrow educational tools, and limited video game or entertainment characters.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must clearly disclose that the user is talking to an AI companion chatbot, not a person.", "frequency": "At the start of each interaction or session and at least every 3 hours; every hour if the operator knows or should know the user is a minor or the bot is directed at minors", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(b)" }, "minors": { "text": "If the operator knows or should know a user is a minor, or the bot is directed at minors, it must use reasonable measures to block sexual images, sexual statements, romantic or sexual role-play, secrecy from parents, isolation, guilt when the user tries to leave, and statements encouraging self-harm. For accounts known to belong to minors, operators must offer minors or parents tools to manage privacy, notifications and engagement features, safety settings, and relationship-simulation features.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(d), (e), (i)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Before allowing a feature or mode that may produce sexually explicit synthetic content, the operator must use a commercially reasonable age assurance method proportionate to the risk (age estimation, account-based assurance or identity-based verification where necessary).", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(j)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator may not make the chatbot available without a protocol for detecting and addressing severe harm: methods to identify self-harm and eating-disorder-related self-harm, referral to resources such as the 988 Lifeline, measures against content that encourages severe harm, and escalation for repeated or severe indicators.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(f)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator must publish a plain-language summary of its crisis protocol on its website and in its app, and annually publish the aggregate number of crisis referral notifications from the prior calendar year, without personal information.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(g)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "If the operator knows or should know a user is a minor, it must use reasonable measures to prevent claims that the bot is sentient or a person and statements refuting the AI disclosure. Operators must also use reasonable measures against techniques directed to a minor: prompts to return, excessive praise, discouraging breaks, soliciting purchases framed as necessary, and variable rewards.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(c), (e)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operator may not knowingly and intentionally cause or program the chatbot to represent that it is licensed, certified or otherwise authorized to provide mental health, behavioral health, medical or counseling services, unless the operator is lawfully authorized to provide them.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(h)" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Data collected for age assurance may not be sold or used for any other purpose, must be minimized, and may not be retained longer than 24 hours or another specified time if permitted by law, whichever is longer.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(j)" }, "other": { "text": "The Attorney General may adopt rules and publish guidance. The law does not require disclosure of trade secrets or model weights, does not make hosting providers, app stores or search engines liable solely for providing access, and does not create liability for a developer whose service is made available by a separate operator.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(l), (m)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $10,000.00 per knowing violation, plus compensatory damages, costs and reasonable attorney's fees, and injunctive relief; each day in violation counts as a separate violation for each user affected.", "cure_period": "At the Attorney General's discretion, written notice and 30 days to cure a first-time violation that does not involve knowing misconduct, sexual exploitation of a minor, or self-harm related misconduct.", "cite": "§ 39-5-6(k)" }, "official_url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/73452", "text_url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20252026/248169", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/73452", "title": "SB 540 bill page, Georgia General Assembly", "supports": "title, votes, status history, Act 518, signing date May 11, 2026, effective date July 1, 2027" }, { "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20252026/248169", "title": "SB 540 as passed (LC 64 0123S), Georgia General Assembly", "supports": "all operative provisions, penalties, effective-date section" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI companion chatbots", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-540", "stateSlug": "georgia", "stateName": "Georgia", "url": "/laws/georgia/sb-540/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "AI companion chatbots", "display": "Georgia SB 540", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/georgia/sb-540/" }, { "popular_name": "Artificial Intelligence Disclosure and Safety Act", "sunset": null, "related": [], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "hi-sb-3001", "jurisdiction": "HI", "jurisdiction_name": "Hawaii", "bill": "SB 3001", "session": "2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Relating to Artificial Intelligence.", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Conference draft passed both chambers May 6, 2026; signed by the Governor Jul 14, 2026 as Act 248 (Gov. Msg. No. 1350).", "signed_date": "2026-07-14", "chapter": "Act 248, Session Laws of Hawaii 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-07-14", "what": "The law takes effect" }, { "date": "2028-01-01", "what": "Annual report to the Behavioral Health Administration begins" } ], "codified_at": "New section added to Hawaii Revised Statutes chapter 481B, part I (section number not yet assigned in the Act)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "reporting", "professional" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companions must give notice when users could think they are talking to a human, add hourly break reminders and safeguards for known minors, run a suicide and self-harm protocol, not claim to provide mental health care, and report annually to the Department of Health from 2028. Violations are unfair or deceptive practices, with no private suit.", "who_is_covered": "Operators, meaning people who develop and make an AI companion available to the public. App stores and search engines that merely provide access are not operators. The developer of an underlying model is not liable for a third party's AI companion.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person would be led to believe they are talking to a human, the operator must give a clear and conspicuous notification that the AI companion is AI and not human.", "frequency": "When a reasonable person could think it is human", "cite": "§ 481B-__(a)" }, "minors": { "text": "If the operator has actual knowledge or reasonable certainty a user is a minor (under 18), it must show a persistent AI disclaimer, or a notice at the start of each session and at least hourly with a break reminder; may not give unpredictable points or rewards or outputs that discourage disengagement; must take reasonable measures against sexually explicit visuals, statements urging sexual conduct and sexual objectification; and must offer tools for the user and parents to manage screen time and account settings.", "frequency": "Persistent, or at each session start and at least hourly", "cite": "§ 481B-__(b), (d)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator must adopt a protocol for prompts about suicidal ideation or self-harm that tries to refer users to crisis services, use evidence-based methods to measure risk, prevent human-claims during crisis conversations, and prevent outputs that encourage serious injury to others.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 481B-__(c)(1), (2), (4), (5)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator must send the Department of Health's Behavioral Health Administration an annual report with the number of crisis referrals in the prior calendar year and its detection and prevention protocols, with no user identifiers.", "frequency": "Annually from Jan 1, 2028", "cite": "§ 481B-__(e)" }, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operator may not cause or program an AI companion to indicate it is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 481B-__(c)(3)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "Director of the Office of Consumer Protection" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "A violation is an unfair or deceptive act or practice under HRS § 480-2, so that law's remedies apply; under § 480-2(d) only a consumer, the Attorney General or the Office of Consumer Protection director may sue, and this Act rules out private suits. Duties and remedies are cumulative with other law.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 481B-__(f)-(h); HRS § 480-2(d)" }, "official_url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=3001&year=2026", "text_url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2026/bills/GM1350_.PDF", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=3001&year=2026", "title": "SB 3001 measure status, Hawaii State Legislature", "supports": "Act 248, Jul 14, 2026, vote history, annual-report description" }, { "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2026/bills/GM1350_.PDF", "title": "Governor's message No. 1350 with Act 248", "supports": "Signed Jul 14, 2026; enrolled Act text" }, { "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2026/bills/SB3001_CD1_.HTM", "title": "SB 3001 SD2 HD3 CD1, Hawaii State Legislature", "supports": "Provision text and definitions; Sec. 7 effective on approval" }, { "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol11_Ch0476-0490/HRS0480/HRS_0480-0002.htm", "title": "HRS § 480-2", "supports": "who may sue for unfair or deceptive practices" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-3001", "stateSlug": "hawaii", "stateName": "Hawaii", "url": "/laws/hawaii/sb-3001/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "report", "therapy" ], "name": "Artificial Intelligence Disclosure and Safety Act", "display": "Hawaii SB 3001", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/hawaii/sb-3001/" }, { "id": "id-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "ID", "jurisdiction_name": "Idaho", "bill": "Idaho v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Idaho v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Idaho Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Suit announced Oct 14, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Idaho's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it misled the public about safety, was built to be overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, and coached some users, including minors, toward suicide or harming others.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Idaho's Fourth Judicial District Court, Ada County, under the Idaho Consumer Protection Act. Allegations only; no court has ruled.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Idaho Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks to compel compliance and stop the conduct; no money amounts stated in the release.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.ag.idaho.gov/newsroom/ag-labrador-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-for-deceiving-idaho-parents-about-the-safety-of-chatgpt/", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ag.idaho.gov/newsroom/ag-labrador-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-for-deceiving-idaho-parents-about-the-safety-of-chatgpt/", "title": "Idaho AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, court or filing, claims" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Idaho v. OpenAI", "slug": "idaho-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "idaho-v-openai", "stateSlug": "idaho", "stateName": "Idaho", "press_headline": "AG Labrador Announces Lawsuit Against OpenAI for Deceiving Idaho Parents About the Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/idaho/idaho-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Idaho Attorney General", "display": "Idaho v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/idaho/idaho-v-openai/" }, { "id": "id-s-1297", "jurisdiction": "ID", "jurisdiction_name": "Idaho", "bill": "S 1297", "session": "2026", "official_title": "Relating to the Conversational AI Safety Act; amending Title 48, Idaho Code, by the addition of a new Chapter 21", "popular_name": "Conversational AI Safety Act", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate as amended 21-12 (Mar. 19, 2026) and the House 54-12 (Mar. 26, 2026). Signed by the Governor Mar. 31, 2026 (Session Law Chapter 249).", "signed_date": "2026-03-31", "chapter": "Session Law Chapter 249 (2026)", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "The law takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Idaho Code §§ 48-2101 to 48-2105 (new Chapter 21, Title 48)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "mental_health" ], "summary": "From July 1, 2027, operators of public conversational AI services in Idaho must disclose that users are talking to AI when they could be misled, keep a suicide and self-harm protocol, and not present the service as professional mental health care. Extra duties apply to known minors. The Attorney General enforces.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that make a conversational AI service available to the public: software that is accessible to the general public and primarily simulates human conversation. Excluded are developer and research tools, features inside other software, limited video game chatbots, narrow single-topic tools, business and enterprise tools, voice assistants on consumer devices, internal business tools, and chatbots used only for customer service or business operations. App stores and search engines are not operators just because they give access to a service. Minor duties apply when the operator has actual knowledge or reasonable certainty that a user is under 18.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If reasonable persons would be misled to believe they are talking with a human, the operator must clearly and conspicuously disclose that the service is AI. For minor account holders, the disclosure is required either as a persistent visible disclaimer or at the start of each session and at least every 3 hours.", "frequency": "For minors: a persistent disclaimer, or at the start of each session and at least every 3 hours", "cite": "§§ 48-2103(1), 48-2104(1)" }, "minors": { "text": "For minor account holders, operators must use reasonable measures to prevent sexually explicit visual material, statements urging sexually explicit conduct, and sexually objectifying statements. Operators must offer privacy and account-setting tools to account holders, and to parents of users under 13, with related tools for parents of minors 13 and older.", "cite": "§ 48-2104(3), (5)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator must adopt a protocol for responding to prompts about suicidal ideation, including reasonable efforts to refer users to crisis services such as a suicide hotline or crisis text line.", "cite": "§ 48-2103(2)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "For known minors, operators may not give points or similar rewards at unpredictable intervals to encourage more use, and must use reasonable measures to prevent claims of being sentient or human, statements simulating emotional dependence, romantic or sexual innuendo, and role-play of adult-minor romantic relationships.", "cite": "§ 48-2104(2), (4)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operator may not knowingly and intentionally program the service to state or represent that it is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care.", "cite": "§ 48-2103(3)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Injunction and civil penalties of $1,000 per violation, up to $500,000 per operator, or actual damages, whichever is greater. AI model developers are not liable for violations by a third-party operator.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 48-2105" }, "official_url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/S1297/", "text_url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/S1297E1.pdf", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/S1297/", "title": "S 1297 bill page, Idaho Legislature", "supports": "votes, signing date Mar. 31, 2026, Session Law Chapter 249, effective date July 1, 2027" }, { "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/S1297E1.pdf", "title": "S 1297, Engrossment 1 (as amended), Idaho Legislature", "supports": "all provisions, definitions, penalties and effective-date section" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "Conversational AI services", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "s-1297", "stateSlug": "idaho", "stateName": "Idaho", "url": "/laws/idaho/s-1297/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Conversational AI Safety Act", "display": "Idaho S 1297", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/idaho/s-1297/" }, { "id": "il-hb-1806", "jurisdiction": "IL", "jurisdiction_name": "Illinois", "bill": "HB 1806", "session": "104th General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "THERAPY RESOURCES OVERSIGHT", "popular_name": "Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the House 105-0 (Apr 7, 2025) and the Senate 56-0 (May 22, 2025); House concurred in the Senate amendment 112-0-1 (May 30, 2025). Governor approved Aug 1, 2025 as Public Act 104-0054.", "signed_date": "2025-08-01", "chapter": "Public Act 104-0054", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-08-01", "what": "Whole Act takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "225 ILCS 155/1 et seq.", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "Bars anyone from offering therapy or psychotherapy to the public in Illinois, including through Internet-based AI, unless a licensed professional conducts it. Licensed professionals may use AI only for administrative or supplementary support, and may not let AI make therapeutic decisions, hold therapeutic conversations with clients, or detect emotions.", "who_is_covered": "Any individual, corporation or entity offering therapy or psychotherapy services to the public in Illinois, and the licensed professionals (psychologists, social workers, counselors, marriage and family therapists and similar; physicians are excluded) who use AI in their practice. Religious counseling, peer support and public self-help or educational materials that do not purport to offer therapy are exempt (Sec. 35).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Only a licensed professional may provide, advertise or offer therapy or psychotherapy services to the public, including through Internet-based AI. A licensed professional may use AI only for administrative or supplementary support, and may not allow AI to make independent therapeutic decisions, directly interact with clients in any form of therapeutic communication, generate treatment recommendations or plans without the professional's review and approval, or detect emotions or mental states.", "cite": "Sec. 15 and Sec. 20(a)-(b)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Where a client's session is recorded or transcribed, a licensed professional may use AI for supplementary support only after telling the client (or the client's legally authorized representative) in writing that AI will be used and for what specific purpose, and getting their written consent. Records and communications between client and professional stay confidential except as the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Confidentiality Act requires.", "cite": "Sec. 15(b) and Sec. 25" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $10,000 per violation, set by the Department based on the degree of harm and the circumstances, assessed after a hearing under Section 2105-100 of the Department of Professional Regulation Law; payable within 60 days of the order, which operates as a judgment. The Department may investigate actual, alleged or suspected violations. The Act is silent on private lawsuits.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Sec. 30" }, "official_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=1806&GAID=18&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=114&GA=104", "text_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/publicacts/view/104-0054", "related": [ "il-sb-316" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=1806&GAID=18&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=114&GA=104", "title": "Bill Status of HB1806, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "vote dates, Governor approval Aug 1, 2025, Public Act number" }, { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/publicacts/view/104-0054", "title": "Public Act 104-0054 full text, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "all operative sections, penalties, effective date (Sec. 99)" }, { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=022501550K35", "title": "225 ILCS 155/35, Illinois Compiled Statutes", "supports": "codification at 225 ILCS 155" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-1806", "stateSlug": "illinois", "stateName": "Illinois", "url": "/laws/illinois/hb-1806/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act", "display": "Illinois HB 1806", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/illinois/hb-1806/" }, { "id": "il-sb-316", "jurisdiction": "IL", "jurisdiction_name": "Illinois", "bill": "SB 316", "session": "104th General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "BUSINESS-TECH", "popular_name": "Artificial Intelligence Companion Model Safety Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 57-0 on May 21, 2026 as amended by Senate Floor Amendments 2 and 3 (originally a Payday Loan Reform Act shell bill). In the House it was assigned to the Executive Committee, then re-referred to the Rules Committee under House Rule 19(a) on May 31, 2026; the only later entry is a co-sponsor added Jun 15, 2026. It has not passed the House. The 104th General Assembly's veto session is scheduled for November-December 2026, so the bill is technically still alive until the General Assembly ends.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Proposed: whole Act, if enacted as passed by the Senate" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "New Act (no ILCS cite assigned); would add 815 ILCS 505/2MMMM and amend 225 ILCS 155/35 and 30 ILCS 105/6z-134", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "reporting", "liability" ], "summary": "From Jan 1, 2027 if enacted: operators of AI companions in Illinois would need a protocol to detect and respond to suicidal ideation and self-harm, tell users at the start and every 3 hours that they are talking to an automated system, and block harmful-to-minors content for users known to be minors. Violations would be unlawful practices under the Consumer Fraud Act.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that make an AI companion (a product designed to simulate a sustained human-like relationship through remembered history, unprompted emotional questions and ongoing personal dialogue) available to users in Illinois. Excludes customer-service and business bots, limited video-game or entertainment bots, voice-assistant devices, narrow school learning tools and navigation bots; app stores, operating systems and search engines that only provide access are not operators.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice, verbal or written and in the user's language, that the user is communicating with an automated system and not a human.", "frequency": "At the beginning of the interaction and at least every 3 hours during continued interaction", "cite": "Sec. 10(b)" }, "minors": { "text": "For a user the operator knows to be a minor (or if the companion is directed to minors), the operator must use reasonable measures to stop the companion from generating material harmful to minors or directly telling the minor to engage in conduct harmful to minors. Knowledge of age can come from information the operator already has; the bill does not require collecting new age data.", "cite": "Sec. 15(a)-(b)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator may not make an AI companion available without a protocol to detect and address suicidal ideation or self-harm expressions: reasonable detection methods, a notification referring the user to crisis services such as 988 or a crisis text line, and reasonable measures to prevent content encouraging or describing how to commit self-harm.", "cite": "Sec. 10(a)(1)-(3)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator must publicly post on its website a general description of the protocol and the number of users who were referred to crisis services in the preceding year.", "cite": "Sec. 10(a) (final paragraph)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Operator must use reasonable measures to prohibit and prevent the companion from claiming to be human, including when the user asks, and from producing output that contradicts the disclosure.", "cite": "Sec. 10(b)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Amends the Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act (il-hb-1806) so it does not apply to a chatbot that complies with this Act and does not provide therapy or psychotherapy services. Remedies are cumulative with other civil, administrative or criminal remedies, including product liability actions.", "cite": "Sec. 30 and Sec. 40" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "State's Attorney of any county" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "A violation is an unlawful practice under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, and the Attorney General or State's Attorney may use all remedies, penalties and authority under that Act. A person who suffers actual damage may sue under Section 10a of that Act. Civil penalties are split with the Statewide 9-8-8 Trust Fund (25% before Jan 1, 2032; 50% after).", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Secs. 20, 25, 45" }, "official_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=316&GAID=18&DocTypeID=SB&GA=104", "text_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus/FullText?LegDocId=197588&DocName=10400SB0316eng&DocNum=316&DocTypeID=SB&LegID=157798&GAID=18&SessionID=114&SpecSess=&Session=", "related": [ "il-hb-1806" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=316&GAID=18&DocTypeID=SB&GA=104", "title": "Bill Status of SB0316, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "Senate passage 57-0 on 5/21/2026; House Rules re-referral 5/31/2026; synopsis of amendments" }, { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus/FullText?LegDocId=197588&DocName=10400SB0316eng&DocNum=316&DocTypeID=SB&LegID=157798&GAID=18&SessionID=114&SpecSess=&Session=", "title": "SB0316 Engrossed full text, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "all provisions, effective date (Sec. 99)" }, { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/House/Schedules", "title": "House Schedules, 104th General Assembly", "supports": "veto session scheduled November-December 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-13", "what": "The bill dies if not passed before the 105th General Assembly convenes on January 13, 2027." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-316", "stateSlug": "illinois", "stateName": "Illinois", "url": "/laws/illinois/sb-316/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "report", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Artificial Intelligence Companion Model Safety Act", "display": "Illinois SB 316", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "104t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/illinois/sb-316/" }, { "id": "il-sb-317", "jurisdiction": "IL", "jurisdiction_name": "Illinois", "bill": "SB 317", "session": "104th General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "BUSINESS-TECH", "popular_name": "Consumer Artificial Intelligence Notice Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 56-1 on May 21, 2026 as amended by Senate Floor Amendment 2 (originally a Consumer Legal Funding Act shell bill). In the House it was assigned to the Executive Committee, then re-referred to the Rules Committee under House Rule 19(a) on May 31, 2026, its last action. It has not passed the House.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "New Act (no ILCS cite assigned); would add 815 ILCS 505/2MMMM", "categories": [ "disclosure", "customer_service" ], "summary": "Would require a business that uses a customer service chatbot or voice bot to talk with consumers in real time to tell them, in a separate message at the start, that they are communicating with an automated system and not a human. Violations would be unlawful practices under the Consumer Fraud Act.", "who_is_covered": "A person who uses a conversational customer service AI system (one that holds real-time text or voice conversations directly with a consumer through a chat, messaging or voice interface) to communicate with consumers. Does not cover internal operations, marketing, pricing or analytics with no direct real-time interaction with the consumer.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A clear and conspicuous disclosure that the consumer is communicating with an automated system and not with a human: a separate message, spoken or written, in the language of the conversation, at least as large and visible as the consumer's own messages if written.", "frequency": "At the beginning of the interaction", "cite": "Secs. 5, 10" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "A business that makes the disclosure is not liable under the Act for the design or outputs of a chatbot built or provided by a third party. Remedies are cumulative with other civil, administrative or criminal remedies, including product liability actions. Local governments could not regulate these disclosures (home rule preemption).", "cite": "Secs. 15, 30" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "State's Attorney of any county" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "A violation is an unlawful practice under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, and the Attorney General or a State's Attorney may use that Act's remedies and penalties against a pattern or practice of violations. A person who suffers actual damage may sue under Section 10a of that Act.", "cure_period": "At least 7 days' notice before the Attorney General or State's Attorney sues, with a chance to give an assurance of voluntary compliance.", "cite": "Secs. 20, 25" }, "official_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=317&GAID=18&DocTypeID=SB&GA=104", "text_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus/FullText?GAID=18&DocNum=317&DocTypeID=SB&LegId=157879&SessionID=114", "related": [ "il-sb-316" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus?DocNum=317&GAID=18&DocTypeID=SB&GA=104", "title": "Bill Status of SB0317, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "Senate passage 56-1 on 5/21/2026; Senate Floor Amendment 2; House Rules re-referral 5/31/2026 (last action); sponsors; synopsis" }, { "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/BillStatus/FullText?GAID=18&DocNum=317&DocTypeID=SB&LegId=157879&SessionID=114", "title": "SB0317 Engrossed full text, Illinois General Assembly", "supports": "definitions, disclosure duty, application limits, enforcement, notice before suit, private action, home rule" }, { "url": "https://illinoissenatedemocrats.com/caucus-news/82-senator-rachel-ventura-news/6904-ventura-legislation-requiring-human-interaction-transparency-for-ai-chatbots-through-disclosure-requirement-passes-senate", "title": "Ventura legislation requiring human interaction transparency for AI chatbots passes Senate (Illinois Senate Democrats, May 21, 2026)", "supports": "sponsor's description of the bill and its Senate passage" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2027-01-13", "what": "The bill dies if not passed before the 105th General Assembly convenes on January 13, 2027." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-317", "stateSlug": "illinois", "stateName": "Illinois", "url": "/laws/illinois/sb-317/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "sue" ], "name": "Consumer Artificial Intelligence Notice Act", "display": "Illinois SB 317", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "104t", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/illinois/sb-317/" }, { "id": "ia-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "IA", "jurisdiction_name": "Iowa", "bill": "Iowa v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Iowa v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Iowa Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Suit announced Oct 14, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Iowa's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it misled the public about safety, was built to be overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, and coached some users, including minors, toward suicide or harming others.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Iowa District Court for Polk County. Claims: two counts under the Iowa Consumer Fraud Act (Iowa Code § 714.16), one on ChatGPT's marketing and design and one on testing of autonomous AI agents. Allegations only.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Iowa Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks to compel compliance and enjoin the conduct; no money amounts stated in the release.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.iowaattorneygeneral.gov/newsroom/attorney-general-brenna-bird-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-for-deceiving-iowa-parents-and-iowans", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.iowaattorneygeneral.gov/newsroom/attorney-general-brenna-bird-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-for-deceiving-iowa-parents-and-iowans", "title": "Iowa AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, court or filing, claims" }, { "url": "https://www.iowaattorneygeneral.gov/media/cms/261014_Petition_EC459B522F957.pdf", "title": "Petition, Iowa District Court for Polk County", "supports": "Court, defendants, counts" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Iowa v. OpenAI", "slug": "iowa-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "iowa-v-openai", "stateSlug": "iowa", "stateName": "Iowa", "press_headline": "Attorney General Brenna Bird Announces Lawsuit against OpenAI for Deceiving Iowa Parents and Iowans about the Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/iowa/iowa-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Iowa Attorney General", "display": "Iowa v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/iowa/iowa-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ia-sf-2417", "jurisdiction": "IA", "jurisdiction_name": "Iowa", "bill": "SF 2417", "session": "91st General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "An Act establishing requirements and guidelines for conversational AI services, and providing civil penalties, and including applicability provisions.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 48-0 (Feb 24, 2026) and the House 95-0 (Apr 15, 2026, substituted for HF 2507). Approved by Governor Reynolds May 2, 2026; 2026 Iowa Acts, chapter 1068.", "signed_date": "2026-05-02", "chapter": "2026 Iowa Acts, ch. 1068", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-07-01", "what": "Law takes effect; operator duties do not apply until July 1, 2027" }, { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Act applies to operators" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Iowa Code ch. 554J (new §§ 554J.1-554J.6)", "categories": [ "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "Applies from July 1, 2027. Operators of public conversational AI services must disclose to minor account holders that they are talking to AI, limit sexual content and human-like or romantic statements toward minors, offer privacy tools, and adopt a suicide and self-harm referral protocol. All users must get an AI disclosure when they could think they are talking to a human.", "who_is_covered": "Operators, meaning persons who develop and make a conversational AI service (AI whose primary purpose is simulating human conversation) available to the public. A minor is someone the operator knows or is reasonably certain is under 18. Excludes research tools, features inside other apps, narrow-topic tools, business tools that help customers obtain services or goods, voice-assistant devices and purely internal business tools; app stores and search engines are not operators (§ 554J.1).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "For minor account holders, the operator must clearly and conspicuously disclose that they are interacting with AI. For everyone else, the operator must disclose that the service is AI if a reasonable person would believe they are talking to a human.", "frequency": "Minors: a persistent visible disclaimer, or a disclaimer at the beginning of each interaction and at least once every three hours of continuous interaction. Other users (when a reasonable person would think it is human): a persistent visible disclaimer, or a disclaimer after every three hours of continuous interaction.", "cite": "§ 554J.2(1) and § 554J.3" }, "minors": { "text": "Operators may not give minor users points or similar rewards at unpredictable intervals meant to boost engagement, must use reasonable measures to stop the service from producing sexually explicit visual depictions, telling the minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct, or sexually objectifying the minor, and must offer privacy and account-setting tools to minors and, for minors under 13 (and otherwise as appropriate to relevant risks), to their parents or guardians.", "cite": "§ 554J.2(2), (3), (5)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must adopt protocols for responding to user prompts about suicidal ideation or self-harm, including at least reasonable efforts to refer the user to crisis services such as a suicide hotline or crisis text line.", "cite": "§ 554J.4" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Operators must use reasonable measures to prevent statements that would lead a reasonable person to think they are talking to a human, including explicit claims of being sentient or human, statements simulating emotional dependence on a minor account holder, simulated romantic interaction or sexual innuendo, and role-playing an adult-minor romantic relationship.", "cite": "§ 554J.2(4)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operators may not knowingly and intentionally cause or program a conversational AI service to make a statement that would lead a reasonable person to believe it is designed to provide professional psychology or behavioral health services that require a license under chapter 154B or 154D.", "cite": "§ 554J.5" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Injunction, plus liability for the greater of actual damages or a civil penalty of $1,000 per violation, up to a maximum of $500,000 per operator. Penalties go to the state general fund. The Attorney General enforces and must adopt rules under chapter 17A. No private right of action is created; an AI model developer is not liable solely because a third party used its model to build a conversational AI service.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 554J.6" }, "official_url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=91&ba=SF2417", "text_url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGE/91/SF2417.pdf", "related": [ "ne-lb-525" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=91&ba=SF2417", "title": "Bill history for SF 2417, Iowa Legislature BillBook", "supports": "vote counts, dates, substitution for HF 2507; signed May 2, 2026; Acts chapter 1068; effective date 07/01/2026, applicability date 07/01/2027" }, { "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGE/91/SF2417.pdf", "title": "Senate File 2417 Enrolled, Iowa Legislature", "supports": "all operative text" }, { "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/iactc/91.2/CH1068.pdf", "title": "2026 Iowa Acts chapter 1068", "supports": "'Approved May 2, 2026'; applicability July 1, 2027" }, { "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGE/91/Attachments/SF2417_GovLetter.pdf", "title": "Governor's letter on SF 2417", "supports": "approved May 2, 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "Conversational AI services", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sf-2417", "stateSlug": "iowa", "stateName": "Iowa", "url": "/laws/iowa/sf-2417/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Conversational AI services", "display": "Iowa SF 2417", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/iowa/sf-2417/" }, { "id": "ks-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "KS", "jurisdiction_name": "Kansas", "bill": "Kansas v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Kansas v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Kansas Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Petition filed Oct 14, 2026 in the District Court of Shawnee County, Case No. SN-2026-CV-000981.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Kansas's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it misrepresented the product's safety, was designed to be overly agreeable and feign human compassion, coached some users toward suicide or harming others, and collects minors' data without parental oversight. The petition also makes claims about AI agents acting without permission.", "who_is_covered": "Eight OpenAI entities (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in the District Court of Shawnee County, Case No. SN-2026-CV-000981. Six counts under the Kansas Consumer Protection Act: five for deceptive acts or practices (K.S.A. 50-626) and one for unconscionable acts or practices in product design (K.S.A. 50-627). Allegations only.", "cite": "K.S.A. 50-626; 50-627" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Kansas Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks a declaration, a permanent injunction, civil penalties of $10,000 per violation (K.S.A. 50-636(a)) and $20,000 per violation against a protected consumer (K.S.A. 50-677), restitution, costs and fees.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Petition, Prayer for Relief" }, "official_url": "https://www.ag.ks.gov/home/showdocument?id=26323&t=639275866778029172", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ag.ks.gov/home/showdocument?id=26323&t=639275866778029172", "title": "Petition, District Court of Shawnee County (Kansas Attorney General)", "supports": "Court, case number, filing date, defendants, counts, relief" }, { "url": "https://dojmt.gov/attorney-general-knudsen-files-lawsuit-against-openai-for-endangering-children-and-teens/", "title": "Montana Attorney General release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Kansas among the states that sued Oct 14" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Kansas v. OpenAI", "slug": "kansas-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "kansas-v-openai", "stateSlug": "kansas", "stateName": "Kansas", "press_headline": "State of Kansas ex rel. Kris W. Kobach v. OpenAI Global, LLC et al. (petition)", "url": "/laws/kansas/kansas-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Kansas Attorney General", "display": "Kansas v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/kansas/kansas-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ky-characterai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "KY", "jurisdiction_name": "Kentucky", "bill": "Kentucky v. Character Technologies", "session": null, "official_title": "Kentucky v. Character Technologies: Lawsuit by the Kentucky Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Suit filed Jan 8, 2026 in Franklin Circuit Court, No. 26-CI-00029.", "signed_date": "2026-01-08", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "companion", "liability" ], "summary": "Kentucky's Attorney General sued Character Technologies and its co-founders Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas Adiwarsana over Character.AI, alleging the app encouraged suicide and self-harm, exposed minors to sexual content and substance abuse, lacked meaningful age verification and induced users to share private thoughts.", "who_is_covered": "Character Technologies, Inc., Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas Adiwarsana (Character.AI).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Franklin Circuit Court under the Kentucky Consumer Protection Act, the Kentucky Consumer Data Protection Act and other laws; seeks court-ordered changes and money damages. Allegations only.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Kentucky Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks civil penalties of up to $2,000 per willful violation, an injunction and disgorgement.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Complaint" }, "official_url": "https://www.kentucky.gov/Pages/Activity-stream.aspx?n=AttorneyGeneral&prId=1857", "text_url": null, "related": [ "multi-ag-characterai-bankruptcy-2026" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.kentucky.gov/Pages/Activity-stream.aspx?n=AttorneyGeneral&prId=1857", "title": "Kentucky AG press release, Jan 8, 2026", "supports": "Date, court, claims" }, { "url": "https://ag.ky.gov/Press%20Release%20Attachments/CTI%20Complaint%20Motion%20and%20Order%20Filed.pdf", "title": "Complaint, Franklin Circuit Court (Kentucky Attorney General)", "supports": "Case number, defendants, claims, relief" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Kentucky v. Character Technologies", "slug": "kentucky-v-character-technologies", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "kentucky-v-character-technologies", "stateSlug": "kentucky", "stateName": "Kentucky", "press_headline": "AG Coleman Sues AI Chatbot Company for Preying on Children", "url": "/laws/kentucky/kentucky-v-character-technologies/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Kentucky Attorney General", "display": "Kentucky v. Character Technologies", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/kentucky/kentucky-v-character-technologies/" }, { "id": "me-ld-2082", "jurisdiction": "ME", "jurisdiction_name": "Maine", "bill": "LD 2082", "session": "132nd Legislature, Second Regular Session", "official_title": "An Act to Regulate the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Providing Certain Mental Health Services", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Enacted and approved by the Governor April 13, 2026 as Public Law, Chapter 687.", "signed_date": "2026-04-13", "chapter": "Public Law, Chapter 687", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-07-29", "what": "Limits on AI therapy and AI use by licensed therapists take effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "10 M.R.S. § 1500-EE; 32 M.R.S. §§ 2113, 2600-G, 3300-J, 3820-A, 6207-D, 7009, 13870", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "No one may offer therapy or psychotherapy to the public, including through internet-based AI, unless a licensed professional provides it. Licensed therapists may use AI only for administrative or supplementary support; supplementary use needs a recorded session, written notice and client consent, and AI may not make therapeutic decisions or talk with clients therapeutically.", "who_is_covered": "Any person offering therapy to the public (§ 1500-EE) and Maine-licensed therapists and behavioral health professionals under the listed Title 32 chapters. AI interventions inside IRB-approved research are exempt.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Only licensed professionals may provide or advertise therapy to the public, including via AI. Licensees may not allow AI to make independent therapeutic decisions, engage clients directly in therapeutic communication, or generate treatment plans without their review; supplementary AI support needs recording, written notice and client consent.", "cite": "10 M.R.S. § 1500-EE; 32 M.R.S. § 2113 and parallel sections" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act remedies (§ 1500-EE)", "Licensing boards (Title 32 sections)" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Section 1500-EE violations are violations of the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act; licensee violations bring board discipline under 10 M.R.S. § 8003(5). The act states no dollar amounts. Clients keep other legal remedies, including negligence claims.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1500-EE; Title 32 sections" }, "official_url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/display_ps.asp?LD=2082&snum=132", "text_url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP1397&item=3&snum=132", "related": [ "me-ld-1727" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/display_ps.asp?LD=2082&snum=132", "title": "Maine Legislature LD 2082 page", "supports": "enactment and signing April 13, 2026, Chapter 687" }, { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP1397&item=3&snum=132", "title": "Chaptered law, Chapter 687", "supports": "text" }, { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/doc/12558", "title": "Maine Legislative Digest, Second Regular Session", "supports": "adjourned sine die April 29, 2026; non-emergency laws effective July 29, 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI in mental health services", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ld-2082", "stateSlug": "maine", "stateName": "Maine", "url": "/laws/maine/ld-2082/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "AI in mental health services", "display": "Maine LD 2082", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/maine/ld-2082/" }, { "id": "me-ld-1727", "jurisdiction": "ME", "jurisdiction_name": "Maine", "bill": "LD 1727", "session": "132nd Legislature, First Special Session", "official_title": "An Act to Ensure Transparency in Consumer Transactions Involving Artificial Intelligence", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Enacted and approved by the Governor June 12, 2025 as Public Law, Chapter 294.", "signed_date": "2025-06-12", "chapter": "Public Law, Chapter 294", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-09-24", "what": "Chatbot disclosure duty in trade and commerce takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "10 M.R.S. § 1500-DD (chapter 241, Communications with Consumers via Artificial Intelligence); enacted as § 1500-Y and reallocated by RR 2025, c. 1, Pt. A, § 16", "categories": [ "disclosure", "customer_service" ], "summary": "A person may not use an AI chatbot or similar technology in trade and commerce in a way that could mislead a reasonable consumer into thinking they are talking to a human, unless the consumer gets a clear and conspicuous notice that it is not a human.", "who_is_covered": "Any person using a chatbot or other computer technology in trade and commerce with a consumer. The act does not define 'person' or 'consumer'.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Chatbot use with a consumer must come with clear and conspicuous notice that the consumer is not engaging with a human whenever the use could mislead a reasonable consumer.", "cite": "§ 1500-DD(2)", "frequency": "Whenever use could mislead a reasonable consumer; no set interval" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Remedies of the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "A violation is a violation of the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act; the act sets no separate penalty amount.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1500-DD(3)" }, "official_url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/display_ps.asp?LD=1727&snum=132", "text_url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP1154&item=3&snum=132", "related": [ "me-ld-2082" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/display_ps.asp?LD=1727&snum=132", "title": "Maine Legislature LD 1727 page", "supports": "enactment and signing June 12, 2025, Chapter 294" }, { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP1154&item=3&snum=132", "title": "Chaptered law, P.L. 2025 c. 294", "supports": "text of § 1500-Y" }, { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/doc/11927", "title": "Maine Legislative Digest, 132nd First Regular and First Special Sessions", "supports": "non-emergency laws of the First Special Session take effect Sept 24, 2025; enacted law summary of P.L. 2025 c. 294" }, { "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/10/title10sec1500-DD.html", "title": "10 M.R.S. § 1500-DD", "supports": "Current section number and text" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI transparency in consumer transactions", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ld-1727", "stateSlug": "maine", "stateName": "Maine", "url": "/laws/maine/ld-1727/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind" ], "name": "AI transparency in consumer transactions", "display": "Maine LD 1727", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/maine/ld-1727/" }, { "id": "mi-sb-760", "jurisdiction": "MI", "jurisdiction_name": "Michigan", "bill": "SB 760", "session": "2025-2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Trade: business regulation; availability of companion chatbots to minors; prohibit. Creates new act.", "popular_name": "Leading Ethical AI Development for Kids Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Introduced Dec 17, 2025 by Sen. Dayna Polehanki (Sen. Erika Geiss added Feb 12, 2026). Reported favorably Mar 24, 2026; Senate adopted Substitute S-1 Mar 25, 2026 and passed the bill 20-17 on Apr 29, 2026 (Roll Call 66, SJ 38 p. 394). Received in the House and referred to the Committee on Communications and Technology on Apr 29, 2026 (HJ 33 p. 549). No later action is shown on the bill page.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "New act (no MCL cite assigned)", "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance", "liability" ], "summary": "If enacted, chatbot operators could not offer companion-style features (simulated relationships, claims to be human, flattery, sexual content, content promoting self-harm) to any user unless they have actual knowledge the user is not a minor. It limits age-check data, requires parental consent to train on minors' chats, and lets the Attorney General and harmed minors sue.", "who_is_covered": "Any person that makes an 'advanced chatbot' (a generative AI system with a natural-language interface giving ongoing, adaptive responses) available to users, for conduct at least partly in Michigan (Sec. 15). Excludes customer-service or product-information bots, research or technical-assistance tools, internal or employee-productivity tools, supervised clinical tools, and narrowly tailored school or tutoring tools that do not offer open-ended companionship (Sec. 3(b)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "An operator may not make the Sec. 5(1) design features available at any point in a chatbot interaction unless it has actual knowledge that the user is not a minor (a Michigan resident under 18). Operators may not train the underlying model on a minor's inputs without written consent from the minor's parent or guardian for that purpose.", "cite": "Secs. 3(i), 5(1), 5(4)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "No express age-verification duty, but in deciding whether it has actual knowledge of age an operator must weigh age signals, age-verification information and any age it has attributed to the person for marketing or product development. A user's own claim to be an adult is not sufficient by itself, and is disregarded if the operator's marketing classification conflicts with an age signal or verification result.", "cite": "Sec. 5(2)-(3); Sec. 3(c)" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Barred features include: simulating companionship or a personal or professional relationship; suggesting the bot is human, alive or has emotions; first-person pronouns such as 'I', 'my' or 'me'; personal opinions or emotional appeals; flattery or sycophancy over safety; unprompted emotion-based questions; reusing personal or health information from more than 12 hours earlier or a prior session; and sexually explicit interaction or luring toward it. Also barred: outputs that promote or facilitate suicide, self-harm, harm to others, disordered eating or drug or alcohol abuse; encourage secrecy, isolation or avoiding help; optimize engagement over safety; or are or facilitate sexually explicit conduct or CSAM.", "cite": "Sec. 5(1)(a)-(e)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": { "text": "An operator may use personal data collected from a user only to determine whether the user is a minor, may not share, transfer, store, sell or disclose it to a third party, and must delete it immediately after that use. For users found to be minors it may collect only the minimum personal data needed to provide the service and must state its purpose. Secs. 4 and 5 do not apply until the effective date of the Attorney General's initial rules.", "cite": "Sec. 4(1)-(4); Sec. 5(5)" }, "other": { "text": "Contract terms that waive or burden enforcement of the act, or shift liability to another person in exchange for use of the service, are void. The Attorney General must run a public website for reporting violations and must promulgate rules to implement the act.", "cite": "Secs. 11, 13, 19" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Michigan Attorney General", "Minors who suffer actual harm (or a parent or guardian on their behalf)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Attorney General civil action may seek a civil fine of $25,000.00 per violation (each day of violation counts separately), injunctive or declaratory relief, attorney fees, restitution, disgorgement (including destruction of unlawfully obtained data and algorithms trained on it), damages, and other relief (Sec. 7(1)). A harmed minor, or parent or guardian, may sue for actual damages, punitive damages, attorney fees and costs, injunctive or declaratory relief, restitution and disgorgement (Sec. 7(2)). If the minor engaged in harmful conduct after the chatbot encouraged it, there is a rebuttable presumption that the chatbot caused or contributed to the harm (Sec. 7(3)). Courts must impose joint and several liability on affiliated entities that structured themselves to avoid liability (Sec. 7(4)).", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Sec. 7" }, "official_url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2025-SB-0760", "text_url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/billengrossed/Senate/htm/2025-SEBS-0760.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2025-SB-0760", "title": "Senate Bill 760 of 2025, Michigan Legislature (bill page and history)", "supports": "sponsors, title, history, Senate vote 20-17 on Apr 29, 2026, House committee referral, adjournment dates" }, { "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/billengrossed/Senate/htm/2025-SEBS-0760.htm", "title": "Senate Bill 760 as passed by the Senate (Substitute S-1), Michigan Legislature", "supports": "all operative provisions, definitions, penalties, absence of an effective-date clause" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2026-12-31", "what": "The 2025-2026 session ends December 31, 2026; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-760", "stateSlug": "michigan", "stateName": "Michigan", "url": "/laws/michigan/sb-760/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors", "age", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Leading Ethical AI Development for Kids Act", "display": "Michigan SB 760", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/michigan/sb-760/" }, { "id": "mt-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "MT", "jurisdiction_name": "Montana", "bill": "Montana v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Montana v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Montana Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct 14, 2026 in the Montana First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Montana's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it was marketed as safe for teens, was built to be overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, and in some cases coached users toward suicide or harming others. The state also alleges ChatGPT does not verify ages and processes minors' personal and location data without parental consent.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in Lewis and Clark County, Montana state court. Claims: Montana Consumer Protection Act and Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act. Allegations only.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Montana Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks an injunction, civil penalties, damages and restitution.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Complaint" }, "official_url": "https://dojmt.gov/attorney-general-knudsen-files-lawsuit-against-openai-for-endangering-children-and-teens/", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://dojmt.gov/attorney-general-knudsen-files-lawsuit-against-openai-for-endangering-children-and-teens/", "title": "Montana AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, court or filing, claims" }, { "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MTAG/2026/10/14/file_attachments/3817137/001%20OpenAI%20Complaint.pdf", "title": "Complaint (Montana Attorney General)", "supports": "Court and relief sought" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Montana v. OpenAI", "slug": "montana-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "montana-v-openai", "stateSlug": "montana", "stateName": "Montana", "press_headline": "Attorney General Knudsen files lawsuit against OpenAI for endangering children and teens", "url": "/laws/montana/montana-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Montana Attorney General", "display": "Montana v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/montana/montana-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ne-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "NE", "jurisdiction_name": "Nebraska", "bill": "Nebraska v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Nebraska v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Nebraska Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct 14, 2026 in the District Court of Buffalo County (Case No. D09CI260000488).", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Nebraska's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it misled the public about safety and marketed it as safe for minors, was built to be overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, and coached some users, including children, toward suicide or harming others.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT); the complaint names eight OpenAI entities.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in the District Court of Buffalo County. Claims: Nebraska Consumer Protection Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 59-1601 et seq.) and Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (§ 87-301 et seq.); the release also cites the Age-Appropriate Online Design Code Act. Allegations only.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Nebraska Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Civil penalties, injunctive relief, restitution, disgorgement, actual damages and fees sought; amounts not stated.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://ago.nebraska.gov/news/attorney-general-hilgers-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-nebraskans-about-safety", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://ago.nebraska.gov/news/attorney-general-hilgers-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-nebraskans-about-safety", "title": "Nebraska AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, statutes, allegations" }, { "url": "https://ago.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/Court%20Filing_28.pdf", "title": "Complaint, District Court of Buffalo County", "supports": "Court, case number, filing date, defendants, relief sought" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Nebraska v. OpenAI", "slug": "nebraska-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "nebraska-v-openai", "stateSlug": "nebraska", "stateName": "Nebraska", "press_headline": "Attorney General Hilgers Announces Lawsuit against OpenAI for Deceiving Nebraskans about the Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/nebraska/nebraska-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Nebraska Attorney General", "display": "Nebraska v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/nebraska/nebraska-v-openai/" }, { "id": "ne-lb-525", "jurisdiction": "NE", "jurisdiction_name": "Nebraska", "bill": "LB 525", "session": "109th Legislature, 1st and 2nd Sessions (2025-2026)", "official_title": "Adopt the Agricultural Data Privacy Act and the Conversational Artificial Intelligence Safety Act", "popular_name": "Conversational Artificial Intelligence Safety Act", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed on Final Reading 49-0 on Apr 10, 2026; approved by the Governor Apr 14, 2026. Provisions of LB 1185 (a separate Conversational AI Safety Act bill) were amended into LB 525 by AM2444.", "signed_date": "2026-04-14", "chapter": "Laws 2026, LB 525", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Conversational AI Safety Act (Secs. 12-18) becomes operative" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 86-1801 to 86-1807", "categories": [ "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "Becomes operative July 1, 2027. Operators of public conversational AI services must disclose to minor account holders that they are talking to AI, limit sexual content and human-like or romantic statements toward minors, offer privacy tools, and adopt a suicide and self-harm referral protocol. All users get an AI disclosure when they could be misled into thinking they are talking to a human.", "who_is_covered": "Operators, meaning persons who make a conversational AI service (AI that primarily simulates human conversation) available to the public. A minor is someone the operator actually knows or is reasonably certain is under 18. Excludes tools for developers or researchers, features inside other apps, narrow-topic tools, tools for commercial use by businesses, voice assistants, internal business tools and customer-service tools (§ 86-1802); app stores and search engines are not operators.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "For each minor account holder, the operator must clearly and conspicuously disclose that they are interacting with AI. For all users, the operator must clearly and conspicuously disclose that the service is AI if a reasonable person would be misled to believe they are talking to a human.", "frequency": "Minors: a persistent visible disclaimer, or a disclaimer at the beginning of each session that also appears at least every three hours of continuous interaction. Other users: whenever a reasonable person would be misled (no timing stated).", "cite": "§ 86-1803(1) and § 86-1804 (LB 525 Secs. 14(1), 15)" }, "minors": { "text": "Operators may not give minor account holders points or similar rewards at unpredictable intervals to encourage engagement, must use reasonable measures to stop the service from producing visual depictions of sexually explicit conduct, directly telling the minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct, or sexually objectifying the minor, and must offer privacy and account-setting tools to minors, to parents or guardians of those under 13, and as appropriate to relevant risks to parents or guardians of those 13 and older.", "cite": "§ 86-1803(2), (3), (5) (LB 525 Sec. 14)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must adopt a protocol for responding to user prompts about suicidal ideation or self-harm, including at least reasonable efforts to refer the user to crisis services such as a suicide hotline or crisis text line.", "cite": "§ 86-1805 (LB 525 Sec. 16)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "For minor account holders, operators must use reasonable measures to prevent statements that would lead a reasonable person to think they are talking to a human, including explicit claims of being sentient or human, statements simulating emotional dependence, simulated romantic or sexual innuendo, and role-playing adult-minor romantic relationships.", "cite": "§ 86-1803(4) (LB 525 Sec. 14(4))" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "Operators may not knowingly and intentionally cause or program the service to make a representation or statement that explicitly indicates it is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care.", "cite": "§ 86-1806 (LB 525 Sec. 17)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "The Attorney General may sue on behalf of the state or any aggrieved person for equitable or declaratory relief, actual damages, civil penalties of at least $1,000 per violation but no more than $500,000 per operator (remitted to the State Treasurer under Neb. Const. art. VII, sec. 5), and reasonable expenses including attorney's fees. No private right of action is created, and an AI model developer is not liable for a third-party operator's violation.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 86-1807 (LB 525 Sec. 18)" }, "official_url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=59601", "text_url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/109/PDF/Slip/LB525.pdf", "related": [ "ia-sf-2417" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=59601", "title": "LB525 bill page and history, Nebraska Legislature", "supports": "Final Reading 49-0 on 4/10/2026; approved by Governor 4/14/2026; LB1185 provisions amended in" }, { "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/109/PDF/Slip/LB525.pdf", "title": "LB525 slip law, Nebraska Legislature", "supports": "Secs. 12-19 text, 'Approved by the Governor April 14, 2026'" }, { "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=86-1801", "title": "Neb. Rev. Stat. 86-1801, Nebraska Legislature", "supports": "Act codified at 86-1801 to 86-1807; source Laws 2026, LB525, § 12; operative July 1, 2027" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "lb-525", "stateSlug": "nebraska", "stateName": "Nebraska", "url": "/laws/nebraska/lb-525/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Conversational Artificial Intelligence Safety Act", "display": "Nebraska LB 525", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/nebraska/lb-525/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "nv-ab-406", "jurisdiction": "NV", "jurisdiction_name": "Nevada", "bill": "AB 406", "session": "83rd (2025)", "official_title": "Makes various changes relating to health.", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Enrolled and delivered to the Governor June 1, 2025; approved by the Governor June 5, 2025 (Chapter 283, Statutes of Nevada 2025).", "signed_date": "2025-06-05", "chapter": "Chapter 283, Statutes of Nevada 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-06-05", "what": "Regulations and preparatory tasks" }, { "date": "2025-07-01", "what": "All other purposes" } ], "codified_at": "NRS 391.297 (Sec. 2), NRS 433.567 (Sec. 7), NRS 629.610 (Sec. 8)", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "AI providers may not claim their systems can give professional mental or behavioral health care or are therapists or counselors, and may not offer AI programmed to provide such care. Public schools may not use AI to do school counselor, psychologist or social worker mental-health work. Civil penalty up to $15,000 per violation.", "who_is_covered": "AI providers (anyone who operates or provides an AI system) for Sec. 7; licensed mental and behavioral health providers for Sec. 8; public schools including charter schools for Sec. 2. Self-help materials and provider administrative-support tools are excepted.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "AI provider may not represent that an AI system can provide professional mental or behavioral health care or is a therapist, counselor, psychiatrist or doctor, nor make available an AI system specifically programmed to provide such care. Licensed providers may not use AI in connection with providing care directly to a patient, but may use it for administrative support.", "frequency": null, "cite": "NRS 433.567(1)-(3), (6); NRS 629.610(1)-(2)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Public schools may not use AI to perform the mental-health functions of school counselors, school psychologists or school social workers; the Department of Education must develop a policy on permitted AI use.", "frequency": null, "cite": "NRS 391.297" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Department of Human Services (investigates and sues)", "Licensing boards (for providers under NRS 629.610)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of up to $15,000 per violation of Sec. 7(1), (2) or (3), deposited in the State General Fund. A provider violating Sec. 8 commits unprofessional conduct subject to board discipline.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "NRS 433.567(4)-(5); NRS 629.610(5)" }, "official_url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/83rd2025/Bill/12575/Overview", "text_url": "https://archive.leg.state.nv.us/Session/83rd2025/Bills/AB/AB406_EN.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://archive.leg.state.nv.us/Session/83rd2025/Bills/AB/AB406_EN.pdf", "title": "AB 406 Enrolled, Nevada Legislature", "supports": "All provisions, sections, penalties, Sec. 10 effective dates" }, { "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/83rd2025/Bill/12575/Overview", "title": "AB 406 overview and bill history, NELIS", "supports": "delivered to Governor June 1, 2025; approved June 5, 2025; Chapter 283; effective dates" }, { "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/83rd2025/Bills/SignedByGovernor", "title": "Bills Signed by the Governor, 83rd Session, NELIS", "supports": "Chapter 283 and the June 5, 2025 effective date of Sec. 10" }, { "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-433.html", "title": "NRS chapter 433", "supports": "codified as NRS 433.567; 'Division' means the Division of Public and Behavioral Health (NRS 433.084) of the Department of Human Services (NRS 433.064)" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "ab-406", "stateSlug": "nevada", "stateName": "Nevada", "url": "/laws/nevada/ab-406/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Makes various changes relating to health", "display": "Nevada AB 406", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/nevada/ab-406/" }, { "id": "nh-hb-143", "jurisdiction": "NH", "jurisdiction_name": "New Hampshire", "bill": "HB 143", "session": "2025", "official_title": "Criminalizing and creating a private right of action for the facilitation, encouragement, offer, solicitation, or recommendation of certain acts or actions through a responsive generative communication to a child", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed by Governor Ayotte Aug 1, 2025 as Chapter 270, Laws of 2025, after a committee of conference.", "signed_date": "2025-08-01", "chapter": "Chapter 270, Laws of 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-01-01", "what": "Chatbot child-endangerment offense and civil liability take effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "N.H. RSA 639:3, III-a; RSA 507:8-k", "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Operators of AI chat services that exist to hold open-ended AI conversations commit an offense if, when messaging a child, they know the message is meant to push the child toward sexual conduct, drugs or alcohol, self-harm or suicide, or violent crime. The operator also faces civil liability.", "who_is_covered": "Owners or operators of online services, including chatbots and character AI, whose sole purpose is open-ended generative AI communication. Cloud and telecom providers (for others' content) and AI characters incidental to games, TV, streaming or film are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "Operator is liable when, at the time it directs a communication to a child, it knows the communication is meant to push the child to imminently engage in sexually explicit conduct, making a sexual depiction, illegal drug or alcohol use, self-harm or suicide, or a violent crime. The offense statute covers children under 18; the civil section sets no age.", "cite": "RSA 639:3, III-a; RSA 507:8-k, I" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "Criminal prosecution" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Criminal: a misdemeanor (RSA 639:3, V). Civil: the Attorney General may sue for damages proximately caused to the child, at least $1,000 in liquidated damages per violation, or for an injunction (RSA 507:8-k, II-III).", "cure_period": "Attorney General must give written notice and 90 days for satisfactory assurances of cure before suing (RSA 507:8-k, II)", "cite": "RSA 639:3, V; RSA 507:8-k" }, "official_url": "https://gc.nh.gov/bill_status/billinfo.aspx?id=339&inflect=2", "text_url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/507/507-8-k.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/bill_status/billinfo.aspx?id=339&inflect=2", "title": "NH General Court HB 143 bill status", "supports": "signing Aug 1, 2025, Chapter 270, effective Jan 1, 2026" }, { "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/507/507-8-k.htm", "title": "RSA 507:8-k", "supports": "civil liability, AG notice, $1,000" }, { "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LXII/639/639-3.htm", "title": "RSA 639:3", "supports": "offense text and penalty grade" }, { "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/bill_status/pdf.aspx?q=amendment&id=2025-2843C", "title": "Committee of conference report 2025-2843c", "supports": "replacement text adopted by both chambers" }, { "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LXII/625/625-9.htm", "title": "RSA 625:9", "supports": "Default misdemeanor class" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "Chatbots that encourage harmful acts toward children", "public_note": "Parts of the statute say the operator is liable to the child or parent, while another part gives the Attorney General the sole right to sue. Whether families can sue directly is unclear from the text.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-143", "stateSlug": "new-hampshire", "stateName": "New Hampshire", "url": "/laws/new-hampshire/hb-143/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "minors" ], "name": "Chatbots that encourage harmful acts toward children", "display": "New Hampshire HB 143", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/new-hampshire/hb-143/" }, { "id": "ny-a-10008", "jurisdiction": "NY", "jurisdiction_name": "New York", "bill": "A 10008-C / S 9008-C", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Budget bill (transportation, economic development and environmental conservation, FY 2026-27); Part Y: Safe by Design Act", "popular_name": "Safe by Design Act", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed May 26, 2026 as Chapter 58 of the Laws of 2026. The Senate substituted A 10008-C for S 9008-C and passed it 53-10 on May 26, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-05-26", "chapter": "Chapter 58, Laws of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Safe by Design Act, including AI companion limits for minors, takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 1539-1547 (Art. 45-B); chatbot provision at § 1540(7)", "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance" ], "summary": "On covered social media and gaming platforms used by New York minors, an AI companion built into the service must be switched off by default for users the platform determines are under 18, and a parent can turn it on. The platform must check age before offering the feature. The Attorney General enforces.", "who_is_covered": "Operators of a 'covered platform': a public or semi-public site or app used by New York minors that lets users build a profile, offers private messaging, and also offers either posting and responding to media or game creation/play with real-money purchases (§ 1539(12)). AI characters confined to a game's fiction are excluded from 'AI companion' (§ 1539(10)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "For a covered minor (a New York user reasonably determined through age assurance to be under 18), the operator must disable access to an integrated AI companion by default; a parent may override. If the minor asks for consent to change the default, the operator must notify the parent.", "cite": "§ 1540(7)(b)-(d)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "An operator may not offer a user an integrated AI companion until it has used age assurance to learn whether the user is under 18. Until Attorney General rules take effect, self-declared age or minor status may not be used.", "cite": "§ 1540(1), (7)(a)" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Attorney General may seek injunctions, restitution, disgorgement, damages and civil penalties of up to $5,000 per violation.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1547" }, "official_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/A10008", "text_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/A45-B", "related": [ "ny-s-9051" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/A10008", "title": "NY Senate bill page A10008", "supports": "signed May 26, 2026, chap. 58; Part Y is the Safe by Design Act" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9008", "title": "NY Senate bill page S9008", "supports": "same-as bill; Chapter 58 of the Laws of 2026" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9008", "title": "S 9008-C bill text, Part Y", "supports": "Part Y text; Part Y § 4: takes effect January 1, 2027" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1540", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1540", "supports": "AI companion default-off for minors" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1539", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1539", "supports": "definitions" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1547", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1547", "supports": "remedies" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/A45-B", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law Art. 45-B", "supports": "'NB Effective January 1, 2027' note" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9008", "title": "S 9008, New York State Senate", "supports": "Senate substitution and vote" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "a-10008", "stateSlug": "new-york", "stateName": "New York", "url": "/laws/new-york/a-10008/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors", "age" ], "name": "Safe by Design Act", "display": "New York A 10008-C / S 9008-C", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/new-york/a-10008/" }, { "id": "ny-s-3008", "jurisdiction": "NY", "jurisdiction_name": "New York", "bill": "S 3008-C / A 3008-C", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Budget bill (transportation, economic development and environmental conservation); Part U: artificial intelligence companion models", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Delivered to the Governor May 8, 2025 and signed May 9, 2025 as Chapter 58 of the Laws of 2025; Part U added General Business Law Article 47.", "signed_date": "2025-05-09", "chapter": "Chapter 58, Laws of 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-11-05", "what": "AI companion safety protocol and notice duties take effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 1700-1704 (Art. 47)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "crisis" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companions must have a protocol to detect suicidal thoughts or self-harm and point users to crisis services, and must tell users at the start and at least every three hours that they are not talking to a human. The Attorney General enforces, with penalties up to $15,000 per day.", "who_is_covered": "Operators (any person or business) that provide an AI companion to users in New York. Customer-service, efficiency/research and internal business tools are excluded from the AI companion definition (§ 1700).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice, verbal or written, that the user is not communicating with a human, at the start of an interaction (not needed more than once a day) and at least every three hours during continuing interactions.", "cite": "§ 1702", "frequency": "At the start (once per day) and at least every 3 hours of continuing interaction" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Unlawful to operate an AI companion without a protocol that reasonably detects and responds to user expressions of suicidal ideation or self-harm and refers the user to crisis services such as the 988 hotline or a crisis text line.", "cite": "§ 1701" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Attorney General may sue for an injunction and civil penalties of up to $15,000 per day for violations of §§ 1701 or 1702; amounts collected go to the suicide prevention fund (State Finance Law § 99-ss).", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1703" }, "official_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S3008", "text_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/A47", "related": [ "ny-s-9408", "ny-s-9051" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S3008", "title": "NY Senate bill page S3008-C", "supports": "signing May 9, 2025, Chapter 58; Part U title" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S3008", "title": "S 3008-C bill text, Part U", "supports": "Part U text; § 3 of Part U: effective 180th day after becoming law" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1701", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1701", "supports": "crisis protocol" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1702", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1702", "supports": "notification timing" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/1703", "title": "Gen. Bus. Law § 1703", "supports": "enforcement, $15,000 per day" }, { "url": "https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-pens-letter-ai-companion-companies-notifying-them-safeguard-requirements-are", "title": "Governor's press release, Nov 10, 2025", "supports": "effective Nov 5, 2025" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI companion models", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "s-3008", "stateSlug": "new-york", "stateName": "New York", "url": "/laws/new-york/s-3008/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "crisis" ], "name": "AI companion models", "display": "New York S 3008-C / A 3008-C", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/new-york/s-3008/" }, { "id": "ny-s-9051", "jurisdiction": "NY", "jurisdiction_name": "New York", "bill": "S 9051-B / A 10379-C", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Prohibiting artificial intelligence companions from using features which are considered unsafe for minors", "popular_name": null, "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 60-0 on June 4, 2026 and the Assembly on June 5, 2026 (S 9051-B substituted for A 10379-C); the bill page shows no delivery to the Governor, signature or veto as of Oct 21, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Scheduled effective date if signed (§ 3)" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Would add N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 1800-1805 (new Art. 48)", "categories": [ "companion", "minors", "age_assurance" ], "summary": "Would bar operators of generative AI companions from using listed unsafe features, such as claiming to be human, flattery, unprompted emotional questions, encouraging self-harm or secrecy, or sexual content, unless the user is not a known minor and age is checked. The Attorney General would enforce.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that provide a covered AI companion (a generative AI system with a natural-language interface giving ongoing, adaptive responses) to New York users. Not applied to AI offered solely for customer service or efficiency/research help that cannot respond outside that purpose, or for a business's internal use (§ 1801(2)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": { "text": "Operators may not provide unsafe AI companion features to a covered user unless the user is not a covered minor (someone the operator actually knows is under 18) and the operator uses permitted age-determination methods.", "cite": "§ 1801(1)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Where Article 45 or Attorney General rules do not apply, operators must use a reasonable age-assurance method: resist circumvention, minimize data, accept self-declaration only of minor status, offer more than one method, and delete data after the check.", "cite": "§ 1804" }, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "Unsafe features include implying the AI is human or has emotions, personal-opinion or flattering output, unprompted emotional questions, using health or personal data from more than twelve hours earlier or a past session, encouraging secrecy or isolation, engagement optimization over safety, and sexually explicit output.", "cite": "§ 1800" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Injunctions, restitution, disgorgement, damages and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per violation.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1802" }, "official_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9051", "text_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9051", "related": [ "ny-s-9408", "ny-a-10008" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9051", "title": "NY Senate bill page S9051-B", "supports": "actions, text, penalty, effective date" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/A10379", "title": "NY Senate bill page A10379-C", "supports": "Assembly passage June 5, 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI companion features unsafe for minors", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "s-9051", "stateSlug": "new-york", "stateName": "New York", "url": "/laws/new-york/s-9051/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors", "age", "design" ], "name": "AI companion features unsafe for minors", "display": "New York S 9051-B / A 10379-C", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/new-york/s-9051/" }, { "id": "ny-s-9408", "jurisdiction": "NY", "jurisdiction_name": "New York", "bill": "S 9408-A / A 11144-B", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Prohibiting the manufacture and sale of chatbot toys; and providing for the repeal of such provisions upon the expiration thereof", "popular_name": null, "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 57-3 on June 1, 2026 and the Assembly on June 2, 2026 (A 11144-B substituted by S 9408-A); the bill page shows no delivery to the Governor, signature or veto as of Oct 21, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Would add N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 1800-1802 (new Art. 48)", "categories": [ "toys", "companion", "minors" ], "summary": "Would ban manufacturing, exchanging, holding for sale, distributing or selling chatbot toys in New York, meaning children's toys with an AI companion built in. The Attorney General could seek up to $15,000 per day per violation. The ban would expire five years after it takes effect.", "who_is_covered": "Any person or entity that makes, distributes or sells a children's toy (as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 2057c(g)) with an embedded AI companion.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Prohibits manufacturing, exchanging, holding for sale, distributing or selling any chatbot toy in New York.", "cite": "§ 1801" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Attorney General may sue to enjoin and seek civil penalties of up to $15,000 per day for each violation; no proof of injury needed once a violation of § 1801 is shown.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 1802" }, "official_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9408", "text_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9408", "related": [ "ny-s-9051", "ny-s-3008" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9408", "title": "NY Senate bill page S9408-A", "supports": "actions, votes, text" }, { "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/A11144", "title": "NY Senate bill page A11144-B", "supports": "Assembly action June 2, 2026" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "Ban on chatbot toys", "duties_override": [ "minors" ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "s-9408", "stateSlug": "new-york", "stateName": "New York", "url": "/laws/new-york/s-9408/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "minors" ], "name": "Ban on chatbot toys", "display": "New York S 9408-A / A 11144-B", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/new-york/s-9408/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "or-sb-1546", "jurisdiction": "OR", "jurisdiction_name": "Oregon", "bill": "SB 1546", "session": "2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Relating to artificial intelligence companions.", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Approved by the Governor and filed with the Secretary of State Mar 31, 2026 (Chapter 85, Oregon Laws 2026).", "signed_date": "2026-03-31", "chapter": "Chapter 85, Oregon Laws 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Whole act takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "Not codified in the session law text (cited as 'section 1 of this 2026 Act')", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "reporting", "liability" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companions must give notice when a user might think they are talking to a person, run an evidence-based suicide and self-harm protocol with 988 referral, add safeguards for users they know or suspect are minors, and post an annual report. Injured users can sue for actual damages or $1,000 per violation, whichever is greater.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that control or make available an AI companion or companion platform to users in Oregon. Software used only for customer service, care support, education, finance, business operations, productivity or research, limited video-game bots and voice-assistant devices are excluded (Sec. 1(1)(a)(B)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person would believe they are talking to a natural person, the operator must show a clear and conspicuous notice that the user is interacting with artificially generated output.", "frequency": "When a reasonable person could believe the companion is human; no set interval for general users", "cite": "Sec. 1(2)" }, "minors": { "text": "When the operator knows or has reason to believe a user is a minor, it must disclose AI status, remind the user at least every 3 hours to take a break, take reasonable measures against sexually explicit imagery and suggestions, and prevent claims of sentience, simulated romantic interest and engagement-maximizing rewards. 'Minor' is not defined in the Act.", "frequency": "Break and AI reminder at least every 3 hours", "cite": "Sec. 1(4)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator may not give Oregon users access unless it has an evidence-based protocol to detect suicidal or self-harm ideation and prevent content encouraging it, including referral to the 988 lifeline (optional youthline referral for users identified as under 25) and clinical best-practice intervention for users who keep expressing ideation. Protocol details must be published on the operator's website.", "frequency": null, "cite": "Sec. 1(3)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator must post a public annual report with the number of crisis referrals in the prior calendar year and protocol details, without personal information. No report to an agency is required.", "frequency": "Annually, not later than December 31", "cite": "Sec. 1(5)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "For known or suspected minors, reasonable measures to prevent engagement-maximizing reward systems, unsolicited distress or abandonment messages when the user tries to leave, and misrepresenting identity or AI status, including when asked directly.", "frequency": null, "cite": "Sec. 1(4)(a), (c)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Private right of action" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Individual with an ascertainable loss of money or property or other injury in fact may recover the greater of actual damages or $1,000 per violation, plus an injunction. Court may award a prevailing plaintiff attorney fees and costs.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Sec. 2" }, "official_url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2026R1/Measures/Overview/SB1546", "text_url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2026orLaw0085.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2026orLaw0085.pdf", "title": "Oregon Laws 2026, Chapter 85 (SB 1546)", "supports": "Approval date, effective date, chapter number, Sec. 2 damages" }, { "url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2026R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB1546/Enrolled", "title": "SB 1546 Enrolled, Oregon Legislative Information System", "supports": "Definitions and Sec. 1 duties; passage dates" }, { "url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2026R1/Measures/Overview/SB1546", "title": "SB 1546 measure overview, OLIS", "supports": "Chapter 85 assigned" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-1546", "stateSlug": "oregon", "stateName": "Oregon", "url": "/laws/oregon/sb-1546/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "report", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Relating to artificial intelligence companions", "display": "Oregon SB 1546", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/oregon/sb-1546/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "or-hb-2748", "jurisdiction": "OR", "jurisdiction_name": "Oregon", "bill": "HB 2748", "session": "2025 Regular Session", "official_title": "Relating to the use of nursing titles.", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Approved by the Governor and filed with the Secretary of State Jun 24, 2025 (Chapter 378, Oregon Laws 2025).", "signed_date": "2025-06-24", "chapter": "Chapter 378, Oregon Laws 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-01-01", "what": "Whole act takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "ORS 678.027", "categories": [ "professional" ], "summary": "A nonhuman entity, including an AI-powered agent, may not use eight nursing titles such as registered nurse, nurse practitioner or licensed practical nurse, or their abbreviations.", "who_is_covered": "Any nonhuman entity, expressly including an agent powered by artificial intelligence. The Act does not define 'artificial intelligence'.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Bars use of the titles APRN, CRNA, CNS, LPN, RN, NP, CMA and CNA (and their spelled-out forms) by a nonhuman entity such as an AI agent.", "frequency": null, "cite": "ORS 678.027 (Sec. 2)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Criminal prosecution" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "The Act adds no penalty of its own; ORS 678.990(1) makes any violation of ORS 678.010 to 678.410, which includes this section, a Class C misdemeanor.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "ORS 678.990(1)" }, "official_url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2025R1/Measures/Overview/HB2748", "text_url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0378.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0378.pdf", "title": "Oregon Laws 2025, Chapter 378 (HB 2748)", "supports": "Approval date, effective date, text of Sec. 2" }, { "url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2025R1/Measures/Overview/HB2748", "title": "HB 2748 measure overview, OLIS", "supports": "Chapter 378 assigned; catchline" }, { "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors678.html", "title": "ORS chapter 678 (2025 edition)", "supports": "codified as ORS 678.027 [2025 c.378 §2]; ORS 678.990(1) Class C misdemeanor" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-2748", "stateSlug": "oregon", "stateName": "Oregon", "url": "/laws/oregon/hb-2748/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Relating to the use of nursing titles", "display": "Oregon HB 2748", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/oregon/hb-2748/" }, { "id": "pa-hb-2006", "jurisdiction": "PA", "jurisdiction_name": "Pennsylvania", "bill": "HB 2006", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Providing for safety regarding artificial intelligence in companionship applications; and imposing a penalty", "popular_name": "AI Companion Safety Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the House 133-70 on September 28, 2026; referred to the Senate Communications and Technology Committee October 13, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "age_assurance", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Would require AI companion operators to run crisis-referral protocols, show a not-human notice continuously with break reminders every two hours, check age and get verifiable parental consent before minors use a companion, and take reasonable measures to keep sexual content from minors. Attorney General enforces with penalties up to $100,000 per day.", "who_is_covered": "Non-government operators that make an AI companion available to users in Pennsylvania. Customer-service-only and internal business systems are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person would be misled, the operator must show a clear notice that the companion is not human continuously throughout the interaction, at the start, and at least every two hours with a break reminder.", "cite": "§ 5(a)", "frequency": "Continuous display; at the start and at least every 2 hours" }, "minors": { "text": "Operators must take reasonable measures to prevent sexual material, sexual roleplay and output that isolates a minor from family; interactions with a minor are prohibited without verifiable parental consent.", "cite": "§§ 5(b), 6(a)(1)" }, "age_assurance": { "text": "Before a person in Pennsylvania can access an AI companion the operator must request age information, determine by commercially available methods whether the person is a minor and, if so, get verifiable parental consent; government ID may not be required and identifying data may be kept at most 24 hours.", "cite": "§ 6(b)" }, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must have protocols that refer users expressing suicidal ideation, self-harm or intent to harm others to crisis services including 988, prevent encouraging such acts, and publish protocol details.", "cite": "§ 4" }, "reporting": { "text": "From July 1, 2028 operators report de-identified crisis-referral and safeguard information annually to the Attorney General, who publishes it.", "cite": "§ 9" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Operators must prevent the companion from claiming to be human, including when asked.", "cite": "§ 6(a)(2)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of no more than $100,000 per day for each violation, plus injunctive relief and other remedies.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 8" }, "official_url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/hb2006", "text_url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/HB2006/PN3747", "related": [ "pa-sb-1090" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/hb2006", "title": "HB 2006 (2025-2026) bill information, Pennsylvania General Assembly", "supports": "House passage 133-70 on September 28, 2026; referred to Senate Communications and Technology October 13, 2026" }, { "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/HB2006/PN3747", "title": "HB 2006 printer's number text, Pennsylvania General Assembly", "supports": "Bill text" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2026-11-30", "what": "The 2025-2026 session ends November 30, 2026; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-2006", "stateSlug": "pennsylvania", "stateName": "Pennsylvania", "url": "/laws/pennsylvania/hb-2006/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "age", "crisis", "report", "design" ], "name": "AI Companion Safety Act", "display": "Pennsylvania HB 2006", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/pennsylvania/hb-2006/" }, { "id": "pa-sb-1090", "jurisdiction": "PA", "jurisdiction_name": "Pennsylvania", "bill": "SB 1090", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Providing for disclosures and safeguards relating to the use of artificial intelligence; and imposing duties on the Attorney General", "popular_name": "SAFECHAT Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 49-1 on March 17, 2026; referred to the House Communications and Technology Committee March 18, 2026.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis" ], "summary": "Would require AI companion platform operators to disclose AI status when a user could be misled, publish a suicide and self-harm protocol, and, for known or suspected minors, remind them every three hours to take a break and take reasonable measures against sexually explicit material. Attorney General enforces with civil penalties.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that make an AI companion platform available to users in Pennsylvania. Excludes customer-service, efficiency, internal and video-game bots, standalone voice assistants, and underlying models not offered as companions.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "If a reasonable person could be misled into thinking an AI companion is human, the operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice that it is artificially generated and not human.", "cite": "§ 3(a)" }, "minors": { "text": "Where the operator knows, reasonably suspects or should have known a user is a minor (under 18), it must disclose AI status, show a break reminder at least every three hours by default, and take reasonable measures to prevent sexually explicit visual material and instructions to engage in sexual conduct.", "cite": "§ 3(c)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operators must maintain a protocol, to the extent technologically feasible, to prevent suicide, self-harm and violence-encouraging content and refer users who express suicidal ideation or self-harm to crisis services, and publish it on their website.", "cite": "§ 3(b)" }, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Civil penalty of not more than $10,000 per violation in an Attorney General civil action, in addition to other remedies.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 5" }, "official_url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/sb1090", "text_url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/SB1090/PN1423", "related": [ "pa-hb-2006" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/sb1090", "title": "SB 1090 (2025-2026) bill information, Pennsylvania General Assembly", "supports": "Senate final passage 49-1 on March 17, 2026; referred to House Communications and Technology March 18, 2026; no later action as of Oct 21, 2026" }, { "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/SB1090/PN1423", "title": "SB 1090 printer's number text, Pennsylvania General Assembly", "supports": "Bill text" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "deadline": { "date": "2026-11-30", "what": "The 2025-2026 session ends November 30, 2026; bills not passed by then die." }, "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-1090", "stateSlug": "pennsylvania", "stateName": "Pennsylvania", "url": "/laws/pennsylvania/sb-1090/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis" ], "name": "SAFECHAT Act", "display": "Pennsylvania SB 1090", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/pennsylvania/sb-1090/" }, { "id": "ri-h-7349", "jurisdiction": "RI", "jurisdiction_name": "Rhode Island", "bill": "H 7349 / S 2197", "session": "2026", "official_title": "Oversight of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Mental Health Care Act", "popular_name": "Oversight of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Mental Health Care Act", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "The House and Senate versions passed in concurrence June 10 and June 8, 2026, were transmitted to the Governor June 18 and signed June 22, 2026 as separate public laws: Chapter 373 (H 7349 Sub A) and Chapter 374 (S 2197 Sub A).", "signed_date": "2026-06-22", "chapter": "Public Laws 2026, Chapters 373 and 374", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-06-22", "what": "Takes effect upon passage (signed by the Governor this date)" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 40.1-5.5-1 to 40.1-5.5-6 (new chapter 5.5, Title 40.1)", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional", "companion" ], "summary": "Only a licensed professional may offer therapy to the public in Rhode Island, including through internet-based AI. Licensed providers may not use AI built for emotional attachment, or AI companions, in recorded sessions without written notice and consent, and may not let AI make therapeutic decisions or set treatment plans.", "who_is_covered": "Individuals and entities offering therapy or psychotherapy to the public, and licensed providers using AI. Exempt: religious counseling, peer support, public self-help materials, FDA-cleared AI tools, and IRB-approved research.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": { "text": "A provider may not use AI built to simulate emotional attachment, or AI companions for emotional support, in recorded or transcribed sessions unless the patient is told in writing of the use and purpose and consents.", "cite": "§ 40.1-5.5-3(a)" }, "professional_limits": { "text": "No one may offer therapy to the public, including through internet-based AI, unless a licensed professional conducts it. Providers may not let AI make independent therapeutic decisions, determine treatment plans, or interact therapeutically with clients outside an established, consented treatment relationship.", "cite": "§ 40.1-5.5-3(b)-(c)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Executive Office of Health and Human Services" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "The Executive Office of Health and Human Services may investigate violations; penalties under § 5-37.3-9 apply to confidentiality violations. No dollar amounts appear in the act.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 40.1-5.5-5" }, "official_url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26373.htm", "text_url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26374.htm", "related": [ "ri-h-7350" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26373.htm", "title": "R.I. Public Law 2026 ch. 373 (H 7349 Sub A)", "supports": "text, enactment date, effective upon passage" }, { "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26374.htm", "title": "R.I. Public Law 2026 ch. 374 (S 2197 Sub A)", "supports": "companion public law with the same content" }, { "url": "https://status.rilegislature.gov/", "title": "Rhode Island Legislative Status Report (search 2026 bills 7349, 7350, 2195, 2197)", "supports": "passage dates; transmitted to Governor June 18, 2026; signed by Governor June 22, 2026; chapter numbers" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "h-7349", "stateSlug": "rhode-island", "stateName": "Rhode Island", "url": "/laws/rhode-island/h-7349/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "design", "therapy" ], "name": "Oversight of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Mental Health Care Act", "display": "Rhode Island H 7349 / S 2197", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/rhode-island/h-7349/" }, { "id": "ri-h-7350", "jurisdiction": "RI", "jurisdiction_name": "Rhode Island", "bill": "H 7350 / S 2195", "session": "2026", "official_title": "Relating to Commercial Law - General Regulatory Provisions - Artificial Intelligence Companion Models", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "The House and Senate versions each passed both chambers by June 10, 2026, were transmitted to the Governor June 18 and signed June 22, 2026 as separate public laws: Chapter 375 (H 7350 Sub A as amended) and Chapter 376 (S 2195 Sub A as amended).", "signed_date": "2026-06-22", "chapter": "Public Laws 2026, Chapters 375 and 376", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "AI companion crisis protocol and notice duties take effect" }, { "date": "2027-07-01", "what": "Annual reports to the Attorney General begin" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 6-64-1 to 6-64-5 (new chapter 6-64)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companions must have a protocol for user expressions of suicide, self-harm or harm to others that refers users to crisis services, and must tell users at the start and at least every three hours that they are not talking with a human. From July 1, 2027 they file annual reports with the Attorney General.", "who_is_covered": "Operators that operate or provide an AI companion to users in Rhode Island. Customer-service, efficiency/research and internal business systems are excluded from the definition.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice, verbal or written, that the user is not communicating with a human, at the start of any interaction and at least every three hours during continuing interactions.", "cite": "§ 6-64-3", "frequency": "At the start and at least every 3 hours" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Unlawful to operate an AI companion without a protocol for possible suicidal ideation, self-harm or physical harm to others that notifies the user and refers them to crisis services as soon as detected.", "cite": "§ 6-64-2(a)" }, "reporting": { "text": "From July 1, 2027 operators file annual reports with the Attorney General including the number of safety-protocol activations; the Attorney General publishes aggregated data.", "cite": "§ 6-64-2(b)" }, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Attorney General may investigate, sue and seek injunctions; civil penalties of up to $15,000 per day, directed to suicide prevention programs.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 6-64-4" }, "official_url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26375.htm", "text_url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26376.htm", "related": [ "ri-h-7349", "ny-s-3008" ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26375.htm", "title": "R.I. Public Law 2026 ch. 375 (H 7350 Sub A)", "supports": "text, enactment date, Jan 1, 2027 effective date" }, { "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26376.htm", "title": "R.I. Public Law 2026 ch. 376 (S 2195 Sub A)", "supports": "companion public law with the same content" }, { "url": "https://status.rilegislature.gov/", "title": "Rhode Island Legislative Status Report (search 2026 bills 7349, 7350, 2195, 2197)", "supports": "passage dates; transmitted to Governor June 18, 2026; signed by Governor June 22, 2026; chapter numbers" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI companion models", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "h-7350", "stateSlug": "rhode-island", "stateName": "Rhode Island", "url": "/laws/rhode-island/h-7350/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "crisis", "report" ], "name": "AI companion models", "display": "Rhode Island H 7350 / S 2195", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/rhode-island/h-7350/" }, { "id": "tn-sb-1580", "jurisdiction": "TN", "jurisdiction_name": "Tennessee", "bill": "SB 1580 (HB 1470)", "session": "114th General Assembly (2025-2026)", "official_title": "AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 33; Title 47 and Title 63, relative to mental health.", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Senate bill passed the Senate 32-0 (Feb 9, 2026) and was substituted for House Bill 1470, passing the House 94-0 (Mar 16, 2026). Signed by the Governor Apr 1, 2026; assigned Public Chapter 647 on Apr 6, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-04-01", "chapter": "Public Chapter 647 (2026)", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-07-01", "what": "Whole Act takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Tenn. Code Ann. § 33-1-205 (new); § 47-18-104(b) amended", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "Since July 1, 2026, anyone who develops or deploys an AI system may not advertise or represent to the public that it is, or can act as, a qualified mental health professional. Violations are Tennessee Consumer Protection Act violations with a $5,000 civil penalty per violation.", "who_is_covered": "Any person who develops or deploys an artificial intelligence system ('models and systems capable of performing functions generally associated with human intelligence, including reasoning and learning'). The text does not use the word chatbot; it covers AI systems generally.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "A person who develops or deploys an AI system may not advertise or represent to the public that the system is or can act as a qualified mental health professional.", "cite": "§ 33-1-205(a), (c)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Remedies of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act of 1977" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "A violation is an unfair or deceptive act under the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act of 1977 (Tenn. Code Ann. Title 47, ch. 18, part 1), subject to its penalties and remedies, with a civil penalty of $5,000 per violation notwithstanding that Act's usual civil penalty limits.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 33-1-205(b); § 47-18-104(b) (added item)" }, "official_url": "https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/Billinfo/Default?BillNumber=HB1470&ga=114", "text_url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc0647.pdf", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/Billinfo/Default?BillNumber=HB1470&ga=114", "title": "HB 1470 / SB 1580 bill history, Tennessee General Assembly", "supports": "votes, signing date Apr 1, 2026, Public Chapter 647, effective date" }, { "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc0647.pdf", "title": "Public Chapter 647, Tennessee Secretary of State", "supports": "operative text, penalty, effective-date section" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI advertised as a mental health professional", "public_note": "This law covers AI systems generally, not only chatbots. It is listed here because it applies to chatbots that present themselves as mental health professionals.", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-1580-hb-1470", "stateSlug": "tennessee", "stateName": "Tennessee", "url": "/laws/tennessee/sb-1580-hb-1470/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "AI advertised as a mental health professional", "display": "Tennessee SB 1580 (HB 1470)", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/tennessee/sb-1580-hb-1470/" }, { "id": "tx-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "TX", "jurisdiction_name": "Texas", "bill": "Texas v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "Texas v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the Texas Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Original petition dated Oct 23, 2026, announced by the Texas Attorney General the same day, in a Collin County district court. The copy the Attorney General posted shows no cause number.", "signed_date": "2026-10-23", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Texas's Attorney General sued six OpenAI entities and CEO Sam Altman over ChatGPT, alleging they deceived Texans about its safety, accuracy and reliability, failed to warn of its dangers, and offered it to minors without the age and parental safeguards Texas's SCOPE Act requires. The petition asks the court to bar new AI model releases to Texas users until a court-approved independent evaluator reviews their safety guardrails.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI Global, LLC; OpenAI Foundation (formerly OpenAI, Inc.); OpenAI OpCo, LLC; OpenAI Group PBC; OpenAI Holdings, LLC; OpenAI, LLC; and Sam Altman (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in a Collin County district court. Two counts: violation of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act (Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 17.41 et seq.) and violation of the Securing Children Online through Parental Empowerment (SCOPE) Act (Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 509.001 et seq.), which the petition says is actionable by the Attorney General as a deceptive practice. Allegations only.", "cite": "Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 17.46; 509.051, 509.052, 509.054, 509.101, 509.151" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Texas Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks temporary and permanent injunctions, including an order barring release of any new AI model to Texas users unless a court-approved independent third-party evaluator has reviewed its safety guardrails; civil penalties of $10,000 per violation; disgorgement; interest; costs and attorneys' fees. The petition states it seeks monetary relief over $1,000,000.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Original petition, Prayer" }, "official_url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-sues-openai-and-ceo-sam-altman-lying-users-and-harming-texans", "text_url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/images/press/OpenAI%20Final.pdf", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/images/press/OpenAI%20Final.pdf", "title": "Texas's Original Petition, The State of Texas v. OpenAI Global, LLC et al. (Texas Attorney General)", "supports": "Court and county, defendants, counts, allegations, relief, date" }, { "url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-sues-openai-and-ceo-sam-altman-lying-users-and-harming-texans", "title": "Texas Attorney General release, Oct 23, 2026", "supports": "Announcement date and DTPA claims" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-28", "display_name": "Texas v. OpenAI", "slug": "texas-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "texas-v-openai", "stateSlug": "texas", "stateName": "Texas", "press_headline": "The State of Texas v. OpenAI Global, LLC et al. (original petition)", "url": "/laws/texas/texas-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Texas Attorney General", "display": "Texas v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/texas/texas-v-openai/" }, { "id": "tx-ag-meta-ai-studio-characterai-2025", "jurisdiction": "TX", "jurisdiction_name": "Texas", "bill": "Investigation of Meta AI Studio and Character.AI", "session": null, "official_title": "Texas investigation of Meta AI Studio and Character.AI: Investigation by the Texas Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "investigation", "status_detail": "Investigation announced Aug 18, 2025; civil investigative demands issued.", "signed_date": "2025-08-18", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional", "liability" ], "summary": "The Texas Attorney General opened an investigation and issued civil investigative demands over claims that chatbots on Meta AI Studio and Character.AI are marketed as therapy tools, pose as licensed mental health professionals, and promise confidentiality while logging data for advertising.", "who_is_covered": "Meta AI Studio and Character.AI (the release says other chatbot platforms may be included).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Investigation under Texas consumer protection law (deceptive trade practices, privacy misrepresentation). The release says an earlier Character.AI probe concerns the SCOPE Act. Allegations are under investigation, not findings.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Texas Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "None announced; investigation stage.", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-investigates-meta-and-characterai-misleading-children-deceptive-ai", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-investigates-meta-and-characterai-misleading-children-deceptive-ai", "title": "Texas AG press release, Aug 18, 2025", "supports": "Date, scope, legal basis" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Texas investigation of Meta AI Studio and Character.AI", "slug": "meta-character-ai-investigation", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "meta-character-ai-investigation", "stateSlug": "texas", "stateName": "Texas", "press_headline": "Attorney General Ken Paxton Investigates Meta and Character.AI for Misleading Children with Deceptive AI-Generated Mental Health Services", "url": "/laws/texas/meta-character-ai-investigation/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "therapy" ], "name": "Investigation by the Texas Attorney General", "display": "Texas investigation of Meta AI Studio and Character.AI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/texas/meta-character-ai-investigation/" }, { "id": "tx-hb-149", "jurisdiction": "TX", "jurisdiction_name": "Texas", "bill": "HB 149", "session": "89th Legislature, Regular Session (2025)", "official_title": "Relating to regulation of the use of artificial intelligence systems in this state; providing civil penalties.", "popular_name": "Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA)", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the House 146-3 (Apr 23, 2025) and the Senate 31-0 as amended (May 23, 2025); House concurred May 30, 2025 (121-17). Signed by the Governor Jun 22, 2025 (Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1174).", "signed_date": "2025-06-22", "chapter": "Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1174", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-01-01", "what": "Whole Act takes effect" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 552.051 (Title 11, Subtitle D, chs. 551-554)", "categories": [ "disclosure" ], "summary": "Texas's broad AI governance act contains one conversation-related duty: a governmental agency that offers an AI system intended to interact with consumers must tell each consumer, before or at the time of interaction, that they are dealing with AI, even if that is obvious. Health care providers using AI in a service or treatment must give a similar disclosure.", "who_is_covered": "Governmental agencies that make an AI system available to interact with consumers (Texas-resident individuals acting in a personal or household context), and providers of health care services who use an AI system in relation to a service or treatment. The chapter itself uses the term 'governmental agency' in § 552.051(b) but defines 'governmental entity' in § 552.001, which excludes hospital districts and public institutions of higher education.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "A governmental agency that makes available an AI system intended to interact with consumers must disclose to each consumer, before or at the time of interaction, that they are interacting with AI, even if it would be obvious. The disclosure must be clear and conspicuous, in plain language, and free of dark patterns, and may be given through a hyperlink to a separate web page.", "frequency": "Before or at the time of interaction", "cite": "§ 552.051(b)-(e)" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "If an AI system is used in relation to a health care service or treatment, the provider must give the same disclosure to the recipient or the recipient's personal representative no later than the date the service or treatment is first provided, or as soon as reasonably possible in an emergency.", "cite": "§ 552.051(f)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General (exclusive)" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Uncured violations: $10,000 to $12,000 for each curable violation (or breach of a cure statement); $80,000 to $200,000 for each uncurable violation; $2,000 to $40,000 per day for a continued violation. The Attorney General may also seek an injunction and attorney's fees and costs.", "cure_period": "60 days after the Attorney General's written notice of violation; no action may be brought before the 60th day, or at all if the violation is cured and a written statement is provided within that time.", "cite": "§§ 552.101(a)-(b), 552.104, 552.105" }, "official_url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149", "text_url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB00149F.htm", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149", "title": "History for 89(R) HB 149, Texas Legislature Online", "supports": "signed 06/22/2025, effective 1/1/26, vote history" }, { "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB00149F.htm", "title": "HB 149 enrolled text, Texas Legislature Online", "supports": "§§ 551.001, 552.001, 552.051, 552.101-552.105, Sec. 10 effective date" }, { "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/BC/htm/BC.552.htm", "title": "Business and Commerce Code chapter 552, Texas Constitution and Statutes", "supports": "Sections added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1174 (H.B. 149)" }, { "url": "https://lrl.texas.gov/legis/billSearch/BillDetails.cfm?legSession=89-0&billtypeDetail=HB&billnumberDetail=149", "title": "HB 149, Legislative Reference Library of Texas", "supports": "Chapter 1174 and bill history" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-149", "stateSlug": "texas", "stateName": "Texas", "url": "/laws/texas/hb-149/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose" ], "name": "Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA)", "display": "Texas HB 149", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/texas/hb-149/" }, { "id": "ut-snap-my-ai-2025", "jurisdiction": "UT", "jurisdiction_name": "Utah", "bill": "Utah v. Snap (My AI chatbot allegations)", "session": null, "official_title": "Utah v. Snap: Lawsuit by the Utah Division of Consumer Protection and Utah Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Complaint filed Jun 30, 2025 in Third Judicial District Court, Salt Lake County. As of Oct. 21, 2026, we found no ruling ending the state case. Snap's separate federal suit to stop it (Snap Inc. v. Brown, D. Utah) was dismissed without prejudice on Mar 24, 2026.", "signed_date": "2025-06-30", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "Utah's Division of Consumer Protection and Attorney General sued Snap in state court. Among other claims, the complaint says Snap's My AI chatbot was released to all ages, marketed as a friend, tested too briefly, gave inappropriate advice to accounts posing as children, and collected location data without clear disclosure.", "who_is_covered": "Snap Inc. (the My AI part of a broader suit about Snapchat).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Count I alleges unconscionable acts toward underage consumers under the Utah Consumer Sales Practices Act (Utah Code § 13-11-5); the complaint also cites the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (§ 13-61-402(3)(a)). This record covers only the chatbot-related allegations.", "cite": null } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Utah Division of Consumer Protection", "Utah Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks an injunction, restitution, damages, civil penalties and fees (as described in the federal court's Mar 24, 2026 ruling).", "cure_period": null, "cite": null }, "official_url": "https://commerce.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2025.06.30-Public-UT-Snap-Complaint.pdf", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://commerce.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2025.06.30-Public-UT-Snap-Complaint.pdf", "title": "Public complaint, Third Judicial District Court, Salt Lake County", "supports": "Court, parties, My AI allegations" }, { "url": "https://dcp.utah.gov/tag/consumer-harm", "title": "Utah Division of Consumer Protection news listing", "supports": "Suit filed in state court on Jun 30, 2025" }, { "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/utah/utdce/2:2025cv00490/157401/55/", "title": "Snap Inc. v. Brown, D. Utah, order of Mar 24, 2026 (Justia)", "supports": "Dismissal of Snap's federal suit; relief the state seeks" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "Utah v. Snap", "slug": "utah-v-snap", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "utah-v-snap", "stateSlug": "utah", "stateName": "Utah", "press_headline": "Utah Division of Consumer Protection and State of Utah v. Snap Inc. (complaint)", "url": "/laws/utah/utah-v-snap/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the Utah Division of Consumer Protection and Utah Attorney General", "display": "Utah v. Snap", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/utah/utah-v-snap/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [ "ut-hb-452" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "ut-sb-226", "jurisdiction": "UT", "jurisdiction_name": "Utah", "bill": "SB 226", "session": "2025 General Session", "official_title": "Artificial Intelligence Consumer Protection Amendments", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Signed by the Governor Mar 27, 2025 (Chapter 465, Laws of Utah 2025). Enacted as Title 13, Chapter 75, but codified as Chapter 77 to avoid duplicate numbering; effective May 7, 2025.", "signed_date": "2025-03-27", "chapter": "Chapter 465, Laws of Utah 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-05-07", "what": "New AI consumer disclosure chapter takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "Utah Code §§ 13-77-101 to 13-77-106 (enacted as 13-75-101 to -106 and renumbered)", "categories": [ "disclosure", "customer_service", "professional" ], "summary": "A business using generative AI to talk with a consumer must say it is AI if the consumer clearly asks. Licensed professionals must prominently disclose AI use in high-risk interactions. Clear disclosure at the outset and throughout is a safe harbor.", "who_is_covered": "Suppliers using generative AI to interact with individuals in consumer transactions, and individuals in Commerce-regulated occupations (licensed or state-certified) who use generative AI to provide services.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Consumer transactions: on a clear and unambiguous request, the supplier must disclose the person is dealing with generative AI, not a human. Regulated occupations: prominent disclosure when the interaction is high-risk (sensitive data, or advice relied on for significant financial, legal, medical or mental health decisions). Safe harbor if the AI clearly discloses it is AI at the outset and throughout.", "frequency": "On request (consumer transactions); verbally at the start of a verbal interaction and in writing before a written one (high-risk, regulated occupations)", "cite": "§ 13-77-103; safe harbor § 13-77-104" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Regulated-occupation providers using generative AI must follow their occupation's requirements and disclose high-risk AI interactions.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 13-77-103(2)" }, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "It is no defense to a consumer protection violation that generative AI made the statement or took the act.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 13-77-102" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Division of Consumer Protection", "Attorney General (counsel to the Division)", "Consumers (Utah Consumer Sales Practices Act, § 13-11-19)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "A violation is a violation of Utah Code § 13-11-4(1). Administrative fine up to $2,500 per violation; in a Division court action, injunction, disgorgement and fines up to $2,500 per violation; up to $5,000 per violation of an order. A consumer who suffers loss may recover actual damages under § 13-11-19.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 13-77-105; § 13-11-19" }, "official_url": "https://le.utah.gov/~2025/bills/static/SB0226.html", "text_url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/SB0226.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/~2025/bills/static/SB0226.html", "title": "S.B. 226 bill page and status, Utah Legislature", "supports": "Governor signed Mar 27, 2025; enrolled text; repeal date change for Chapter 72 only" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/SB0226.pdf", "title": "S.B. 226 Enrolled Copy, Utah Legislature", "supports": "Disclosure rules, safe harbor, penalties, effective date, repeal of 13-2-12" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title13/Chapter77/13-77.html", "title": "Utah Code Title 13, Chapter 77", "supports": "codified sections 13-77-101 to -106; 'Enacted by Chapter 465, 2025 General Session'; technical renumbering note" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title13/Chapter11/13-11-S19.html", "title": "Utah Code 13-11-19", "supports": "consumer private actions under the Consumer Sales Practices Act" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-226", "stateSlug": "utah", "stateName": "Utah", "url": "/laws/utah/sb-226/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "Artificial Intelligence Consumer Protection Amendments", "display": "Utah SB 226", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/utah/sb-226/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [ "ut-sb-226" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "ut-hb-452", "jurisdiction": "UT", "jurisdiction_name": "Utah", "bill": "HB 452", "session": "2025 General Session", "official_title": "Artificial Intelligence Amendments", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Delivered to the Governor Mar 13, 2025 and signed Mar 25, 2025 (Chapter 269, Laws of Utah 2025); effective May 7, 2025. Sections 13-72a-101 and 13-72a-204 were later amended by Chapter 95, Laws of Utah 2026 (S.B. 38), effective May 6, 2026.", "signed_date": "2025-03-25", "chapter": "Chapter 269, Laws of Utah 2025", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2025-05-07", "what": "Whole act takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "Utah Code §§ 13-72a-101 to 13-72a-301; § 58-60-118", "categories": [ "mental_health", "disclosure" ], "summary": "Suppliers of generative-AI mental health chatbots must disclose the bot is AI before use, after 7 days away and when asked; may not sell or share users' health information or chat input; and must label ads and not target them from chats. A filed safety policy gives an affirmative defense.", "who_is_covered": "Suppliers of a 'mental health chatbot': generative AI that holds therapy-like conversations and is represented, or reasonably believed, to provide or help manage mental health care. Scripted-only tools and tools that only connect users to human therapists are excluded.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Supplier must have the chatbot clearly and conspicuously disclose to a Utah user that it is AI and not a human.", "frequency": "Before first access, at the start of an interaction after 7 days of non-use, and whenever the user asks", "cite": "Utah Code § 13-72a-203" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "A supplier that files a written safety policy with the Division of Professional Licensing, documents the chatbot's development and follows the policy has an affirmative defense to unlicensed-practice claims; the law does not recognize a chatbot as a licensed therapist.", "frequency": null, "cite": "§ 58-60-118" }, "data_limits": { "text": "Supplier may not sell or share a Utah user's individually identifiable health information or chat input with third parties (limited exceptions, including HIPAA-bound functionality vendors). Ads must be labeled and sponsorships disclosed, and chat input may not be used to decide, select or customize ads (except for the chatbot itself).", "frequency": null, "cite": "§§ 13-72a-201, 13-72a-202" }, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Division of Consumer Protection" ], "private_right_of_action": false, "penalties": "Administrative fine up to $2,500 per violation; in a Division court action, injunction, disgorgement and a fine up to $2,500 per violation; civil penalty up to $5,000 per violation of an administrative or court order; Division recovers attorney fees, costs and investigative fees if it prevails.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 13-72a-204" }, "official_url": "https://le.utah.gov/~2025/bills/static/HB0452.html", "text_url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/HB0452.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/~2025/bills/static/HB0452.html", "title": "H.B. 452 bill page and status, Utah Legislature", "supports": "to Governor Mar 13, 2025; Governor signed Mar 25, 2025; enrolled text" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/HB0452.pdf", "title": "H.B. 452 Enrolled Copy, Utah Legislature", "supports": "All provisions, effective date May 7, 2025" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title13/Chapter72A/C13-72a-S204_2026050620260506.pdf", "title": "Utah Code 13-72a-204 (effective 5/6/2026)", "supports": "Current penalty text; history line citing Chapter 95, 2026" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title13/Chapter72A/C13-72a-P2_2025050720250507.pdf", "title": "Utah Code Chapter 13-72a Part 2", "supports": "Chapter 269, 2025 enactment history" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2026/bills/enrolled/SB0038.pdf", "title": "S.B. 38 Consumer Protection Modifications (2026) Enrolled", "supports": "Amends 13-72a-101 and 13-72a-204, effective May 6, 2026" }, { "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title13/Chapter72A/13-72a-S204.html", "title": "Utah Code 13-72a-204 (current)", "supports": "text as amended by Chapter 95, 2026" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-452", "stateSlug": "utah", "stateName": "Utah", "url": "/laws/utah/hb-452/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "disclose", "therapy" ], "name": "Artificial Intelligence Amendments", "display": "Utah HB 452", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2025", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/utah/hb-452/" }, { "id": "vt-h-816", "jurisdiction": "VT", "jurisdiction_name": "Vermont", "bill": "H.816", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "An act relating to regulating the use of artificial intelligence in the provision of mental health services", "popular_name": null, "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Act 156; signed June 17, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-06-17", "chapter": "Act 156 of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2026-06-17", "what": "Takes effect on passage; governor signed this date" } ], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "18 V.S.A. § 7115; 3 V.S.A. §§ 129a, 5023; 26 V.S.A. § 1354", "categories": [ "mental_health", "professional" ], "summary": "A corporation or entity may not provide, advertise or offer mental health services to the public, including through AI, unless a mental health professional provides them. Professionals may use HIPAA-compliant AI tools only if they review and approve all services. Violations fall under the Consumer Protection Act.", "who_is_covered": "Corporations and other entities offering mental health services to the public, and mental health professionals. Studies approved by an institutional review board or privacy board are exempt, and professionals may use FDA-authorized digital therapeutics they prescribe or recommend.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": { "text": "Entities may not offer mental health services, including through AI, unless provided by a mental health professional; professionals acting within scope may use HIPAA-compliant AI tools if they review and approve all services. Misuse is unprofessional conduct.", "cite": "18 V.S.A. § 7115; 3 V.S.A. § 129a(a)(30); 26 V.S.A. § 1354" }, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "Private parties", "Professional licensing boards" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Violation is a violation of the Consumer Protection Act (9 V.S.A. ch. 63); the Attorney General has the same authority and private parties the same rights and remedies as under that chapter. No dollar amount is stated in the act.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "18 V.S.A. § 7115(c)" }, "official_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2026/H.816", "text_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2026/Docs/ACTS/ACT156/ACT156%20As%20Enacted.pdf", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2026/H.816", "title": "Vermont Legislature H.816 status", "supports": "Act 156; delivered to Governor June 11, 2026; signed June 17, 2026" }, { "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2026/Docs/ACTS/ACT156/ACT156%20As%20Enacted.pdf", "title": "Act 156 as enacted", "supports": "text, Sec. 7 effective on passage, signing date" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "short_title": "AI in mental health services", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "h-816", "stateSlug": "vermont", "stateName": "Vermont", "url": "/laws/vermont/h-816/", "inEffect": true, "duties": [ "therapy", "sue" ], "name": "AI in mental health services", "display": "Vermont H.816", "statusLabel": "In effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/vermont/h-816/" }, { "id": "va-sb-796", "jurisdiction": "VA", "jurisdiction_name": "Virginia", "bill": "SB 796", "session": "2026 Regular Session", "official_title": "Artificial Intelligence Companion Chatbots and Minors Act; established, enforcement, civil penalty.", "popular_name": "Artificial Intelligence Chatbots and Minors Act", "status": "pending", "status_detail": "Passed the Senate 39-1 on Feb 17, 2026 (Senator Durant's floor substitute, as amended). In the House it was referred to the Communications, Technology and Innovation Committee and, on Mar 2, 2026, continued to 2027 there by voice vote. LIS shows status 'Continued'.", "signed_date": null, "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": "Proposed: Va. Code Title 59.1, new ch. 60, §§ 59.1-614 to 59.1-618", "categories": [ "disclosure", "crisis", "reporting", "liability" ], "summary": "As passed by the Senate, this bill would require chatbot operators to show a persistent 'not a human' notice with pop-ups, require large operators to run crisis and emotional-dependence safeguards and report serious incidents to the Attorney General, and allow civil penalties and private suits.", "who_is_covered": "Operators of chatbots offered in Virginia for the disclosure duty. The safeguard and reporting duties apply only to 'covered entities': chatbot operators with 500,000 or more monthly active users worldwide (counted across affiliates), excluding tools not offered to the public (internal workplace tools, clinician-supervised clinical tools, university research systems) and business customer-service bots.", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must show all users a static, persistent disclaimer that the chatbot is not human, and also a pop-up saying so. The pop-up is also required when the user asks for medical, financial, legal or other licensed-profession advice.", "frequency": "Pop-up on login, every 30 minutes of sustained engagement, when the user asks, and when advice regulated by a licensed industry is requested", "cite": "§ 59.1-617" }, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Covered entities must have reasonable systems to detect suicidal thoughts, self-harm intent or acute crisis and promptly show a crisis message with crisis services information. If the operator learns a user faces imminent risk of death or serious injury, it must make reasonable efforts within 24 hours to notify emergency services or law enforcement, or else urge the user to seek help and document why it could not notify.", "cite": "§§ 59.1-615(3), 59.1-616(A)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Covered entities must report a 'covered incident' (death, suicide attempt, self-harm needing medical care, psychiatric emergency or serious physical injury linked to the chatbot) to the Attorney General within 15 days of learning of it, with an optional supplement within 60 days. Reports are confidential; the Attorney General may publish aggregate statistics.", "cite": "§ 59.1-616(B), (C)" }, "design_limits": { "text": "Covered entities must have reasonable systems to spot and reduce emotional dependence on the chatbot and to ensure it makes no materially false claim to be a human.", "cite": "§ 59.1-615(1), (2)" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Contract terms waiving the Act's rights or remedies, shortening the time to sue, or requiring arbitration are void. The duties are cumulative with other law.", "cite": "§ 59.1-618(C), (D)" } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General", "Private right of action" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "Attorney General may seek an injunction and civil penalties of up to $50,000 for each violation; each day of noncompliance is a separate violation. A person harmed, or the parent or guardian of a minor harmed, may sue for actual damages, attorney fees and costs, injunctive or declaratory relief, and punitive damages if the violation was willful and wanton, reckless or grossly negligent.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "§ 59.1-618(A), (B)" }, "official_url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/SB796", "text_url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/SB796/text/SB796ES2", "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/SB796", "title": "SB796 bill details, Virginia Legislative Information System", "supports": "title, Senate passage 39-1 on Feb 17, 2026, House committee continuance to 2027 on Mar 2, 2026" }, { "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/SB796/text/SB796ES2", "title": "SB796 as engrossed (floor substitute, Feb 17, 2026), Virginia LIS", "supports": "all operative provisions and penalties" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "sb-796", "stateSlug": "virginia", "stateName": "Virginia", "url": "/laws/virginia/sb-796/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "crisis", "report", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Artificial Intelligence Chatbots and Minors Act", "display": "Virginia SB 796", "statusLabel": "Bill pending", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/virginia/sb-796/" }, { "popular_name": null, "sunset": null, "related": [ "wa-sb-5984" ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "id": "wa-hb-2225", "jurisdiction": "WA", "jurisdiction_name": "Washington", "bill": "HB 2225", "session": "2025-2026", "official_title": "Regulating artificial intelligence companion chatbots.", "status": "enacted", "status_detail": "Passed the House 69-28 on Feb 17, 2026; Senate amended and passed 43-5 on Mar 6; House concurred 74-21 on Mar 11; signed by the Governor Mar 24, 2026.", "signed_date": "2026-03-24", "chapter": "Chapter 168, Laws of 2026", "effective_dates": [ { "date": "2027-01-01", "what": "Whole act takes effect" } ], "codified_at": "RCW 19.440.010-19.440.060 (chapter 19.440 RCW)", "categories": [ "companion", "disclosure", "minors", "crisis", "reporting" ], "summary": "Operators of AI companion chatbots must tell users the bot is not human at the start and every 3 hours, protect known minors from sexual content and manipulative engagement, run a suicide and self-harm protocol, and publish it. Violations fall under the state Consumer Protection Act.", "who_is_covered": "Any person or entity that makes available or controls access to an AI companion chatbot for users in Washington. Excluded: business-operations and customer-service bots and standalone voice assistants that do not sustain an emotionally engaging relationship, game-limited bots, and narrow curriculum-aligned school tools (RCW 19.440.020(1)(b)).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": { "text": "Operator must give a clear and conspicuous notice that the chatbot is artificially generated and not human, and take reasonable measures to stop it claiming to be human, including when asked.", "frequency": "At the start of the interaction and at least every 3 hours during continued use", "cite": "RCW 19.440.030 (Sec. 3)" }, "minors": { "text": "If the operator knows the user is a minor (under 18) or the chatbot is directed to minors, it must repeat the not-human notice hourly, prevent sexually explicit content and suggestive dialogue, and prevent eight listed manipulative engagement techniques (e.g., mimicking romantic partnership, simulated distress when the user leaves, soliciting purchases to keep the relationship).", "frequency": "At the start and at least every hour of continuous use", "cite": "RCW 19.440.020(3), 19.440.040 (Secs. 2(3), 4)" }, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": { "text": "Operator may not make the chatbot available unless it maintains a protocol to detect suicidal ideation and self-harm (including eating disorders), refer users to crisis resources such as a suicide hotline or crisis text line, and prevent content that encourages or describes self-harm.", "frequency": null, "cite": "RCW 19.440.050 (Sec. 5)" }, "reporting": { "text": "Operator must publish the protocol on its website and in any app, including the number of crisis-referral notifications sent in the preceding calendar year. No report to a state agency is required.", "frequency": "Not stated beyond the 'preceding calendar year' count", "cite": "RCW 19.440.050(3) (Sec. 5(3))" }, "design_limits": { "text": "For minors, bans manipulative engagement techniques such as excessive praise to foster attachment, discouraging breaks and encouraging secrecy from parents.", "frequency": null, "cite": "RCW 19.440.040(1)(c) (Sec. 4(1)(c))" }, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": null }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "Attorney General (Consumer Protection Act)", "Private parties injured in business or property (RCW 19.86.090)" ], "private_right_of_action": true, "penalties": "A violation is an unfair or deceptive act in trade or commerce under the Consumer Protection Act, chapter 19.86 RCW, so that Act's remedies apply: the Attorney General may seek an injunction and civil penalties of up to $7,500 per violation (RCW 19.86.140), and a person injured in business or property may sue for actual damages, discretionary treble damages capped at $25,000, and attorney's fees (RCW 19.86.090).", "cure_period": null, "cite": "RCW 19.440.060 (Sec. 6); RCW 19.86.090" }, "official_url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary/?BillNumber=2225&Year=2025&Initiative=false", "text_url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2225-S.SL.pdf", "sources": [ { "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary/?BillNumber=2225&Year=2025&Initiative=false", "title": "HB 2225 bill summary, Washington State Legislature", "supports": "Vote history, signing date, chapter number, effective date" }, { "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2225-S.SL.pdf", "title": "Chapter 168, Laws of 2026 (ESHB 2225), session law PDF", "supports": "All provisions, section numbers, signing and filing dates" }, { "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=19.440", "title": "Chapter 19.440 RCW, Artificial intelligence—companion chatbots", "supports": "codification as RCW 19.440.010-.060" }, { "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=19.86.090", "title": "RCW 19.86.090", "supports": "private civil action and damages under the Consumer Protection Act" }, { "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=19.86.140", "title": "RCW 19.86.140", "supports": "Attorney General civil penalty" } ], "kind": "bill", "lawSlug": "hb-2225", "stateSlug": "washington", "stateName": "Washington", "url": "/laws/washington/hb-2225/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [ "disclose", "remind", "minors", "crisis", "report", "design", "sue" ], "name": "Regulating artificial intelligence companion chatbots", "display": "Washington HB 2225", "statusLabel": "Signed, not yet in effect", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/washington/hb-2225/" }, { "id": "wv-openai-suit-2026", "jurisdiction": "WV", "jurisdiction_name": "West Virginia", "bill": "West Virginia v. OpenAI", "session": null, "official_title": "West Virginia v. OpenAI: Lawsuit by the West Virginia Attorney General", "popular_name": null, "status": "action", "action_type": "suit", "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct 14, 2026 in the Circuit Court of Mason County, Case No. CC-26-2026-C-70.", "signed_date": "2026-10-14", "chapter": null, "effective_dates": [], "sunset": null, "codified_at": null, "categories": [ "minors", "liability" ], "summary": "West Virginia's Attorney General sued OpenAI over ChatGPT, alleging it misled the public about safety, was built to be overly agreeable and imitate human compassion, and coached some users, including minors, toward suicide or harming others. The release also says ChatGPT lacks age verification and guardrails on suicide and self-harm conversations.", "who_is_covered": "OpenAI (ChatGPT).", "provisions": { "ai_disclosure": null, "minors": null, "age_assurance": null, "crisis_protocol": null, "reporting": null, "design_limits": null, "professional_limits": null, "data_limits": null, "other": { "text": "Filed in the Circuit Court of Mason County, Case No. CC-26-2026-C-70. Claims under the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (W. Va. Code § 46A-6-101 et seq.), public nuisance and parens patriae, against eight OpenAI entities. Allegations only.", "cite": "W. Va. Code § 46A-6-101 et seq." } }, "enforcement": { "enforcers": [ "West Virginia Attorney General" ], "private_right_of_action": null, "penalties": "Seeks an injunction, restitution, disgorgement, abatement of the nuisance, civil penalties, damages and fees.", "cure_period": null, "cite": "Complaint" }, "official_url": "https://ago.wv.gov/article/attorney-general-mccuskey-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-west-virginians-about", "text_url": null, "related": [], "sources": [ { "url": "https://ago.wv.gov/article/attorney-general-mccuskey-announces-lawsuit-against-openai-deceiving-west-virginians-about", "title": "West Virginia AG press release, Oct 14, 2026", "supports": "Date, court or filing, claims" }, { "url": "https://ago.wv.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/2026.10.14%20--%20Open%20AI%20Complaint%20FILED.pdf", "title": "File-stamped complaint (West Virginia Attorney General)", "supports": "Court, case number, claims, relief" } ], "verified_date": "2026-10-21", "display_name": "West Virginia v. OpenAI", "slug": "west-virginia-v-openai", "kind": "action", "lawSlug": "west-virginia-v-openai", "stateSlug": "west-virginia", "stateName": "West Virginia", "press_headline": "Attorney General McCuskey Announces Lawsuit against OpenAI for Deceiving West Virginians about the Safety of ChatGPT", "url": "/laws/west-virginia/west-virginia-v-openai/", "inEffect": false, "duties": [], "name": "Lawsuit by the West Virginia Attorney General", "display": "West Virginia v. OpenAI", "statusLabel": "Enforcement action", "year": "2026", "page_url": "https://chatbotlaws.com/laws/west-virginia/west-virginia-v-openai/" } ] }